Chhrysanthemum

Morphological and breeding characters of chrysanthemmum

1. TOPIC: Morphological Characters, Breeding Method and Production Technological of Chrysanthemum Presented by: Tara Bhuyan 2014- AMJ-91 M.Sc . (Agri.) 1 st year 2 nd sem Faculty of Agriculture Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13

2. INTRODUCTION Scientific name: Dendranthema grandiflorum Family : Asteraceae Chrysanthemum is a popular flower crop of commercial importance. It is native to northern hemisphere, mainly Europe and Asia. It ranks 2 nd to the international cut flower trade. It is used both as commercial flower crop and for the exhibition purpose. Standard chrysanthemum is used for exhibition purpose.

3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS Type : It is a woody perennial herbaceous plant . Stem : It is erect and green in colour . Leaves : Oblong leaves with pinnate venation. Leaves are about 4-6 cm long and 3-5cm width. Inflorescence : Typical compositae inflorescence. Flower : They have 2 types of florets namely- Ray floret( outer floret)- having only the female parts. Disc floret ( inner floret )- Present in the central disc, having both male and female parts. Corolla – It is tubular in shape,form by the fusion of five petals.

4. Classification AND CULTIVARS They are classified into two groups: Standard and Spray. Standard type- they are used for exhibition purpose. Size is big. Varieties – Snowball, Temptation, Sonar Bangla , Super Giant. Spray type- They are used for garden decoration Size is smaller. Varieties- Red Gold, Proff . Harish , Rajkumari , Carnival Pride, Yellow Gold, Bonnie Jean,

5. SNOWBALL SONAR BANGLA CARNIVAL PRIDE BONNIE JEAN

6. BREEDING Basic chromosome number is 9. Wide range of ploidy level is found in differenr cultivars of the species, 2n = 36, 45, 47, 51-75. C. morifolium ( Dendranthema morifolium ) has evolved out of complex interspecific crosses involving C.boreale , C.indicum , C. japonicum,C . orantum and C. sinensis .

7. BREEDING METHODS Present day colourful chrysanthmum cultivars are developed as a result of different breeding method. They are – 1. Introduction : large number of varities are introduced in India from different countries . Example :Australia- William Turner, J.S. Lloyd. Japan – Tokyo. 2.Selection/ Hybridization / Bud Sports and Mutants: Example : IIHR , Bangalore- Indira , Yellow Gold and Red Gold. NBRI,Lucknow : Selection and bud sports- Apsara (pompom type), Suhag Singar (No pinch no stake type) , Usha ( off- season blooming ) , Sonar Bangla ( Bud Sports) Mutants – Asha , Aruna , Sonali , Tulika

8. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY CLIMATE : Chrysanthemum is a short day plant. Temperature requiremant for – For its vegetative growth it requires high temperature ranging from 20 to 27 °C. For bud formation and flowering it requires short day and low temperature ranging from 10 to 27 °C. Relative humidity – 70 to 90 %. SOIL: Well drained sandy loam soil with good texture and aeration . pH of 5.5 to 6.5

9. PROPAGATION: Chrysanthemum is propagated by two methods: i ) Root suckers – root suckers are separated from the plant in february – march and planted in pots. ii) Terminal stem cutting- 5 to 7 cm long cuttings are taken from healthy plant from middle to end of

10. PLANTING: It is done in the month of august. SPACING: Cuttings or root suckers are planted in ridges or furrows at a spacing of 30cm x 30cm and 30cm x 45cm. MANURES and FERTILIZER S: FYM- 10-15 tonnes N:P:K @ 100: 200: 200kg / ha. Fertilizer is applied at 2 spilt doses. Half dose of N and full dose of P and K is applied at the of planting. O ther half dose of N is applied 1 month after planting.

11. IRRIGATION: It requires adequate watering during vegetative stages. Water stress condition at bud formation to flowering may detoriate the flower quality. Irrigation should be done at 4-5 days interval. WEEDING: 1 st weeding is done after 25- 30 days after planting. Subsequent weeding is done at 15days interval.

12. SPECIAL PRACTICES: Pinching: 1st pinching - 3 weeks after planting; 2nd pinching - 5 weeks after planting Disbudding: It is special practices carried out in standard varieties. In this lateral buds are removed and apical buds are kept. It helps in producing flowers of larger size. Staking: Staking is necessary to keep plants erect and maintain proper shape of plants and bloom.

13. Plant protection DISEASE CAUSED BY SYMPTOMS CONTROL Wilt Fusarium oxysporum Leaf chlorosis and necrosis starting from lower leaves and curving of apical leaves. Soil treatment with thiophanate methyl is effective Root rot Phythophthora spp Wilting of affected plants take place Spraying mancozeb or captaf Stem rot Fusarium solani Leaf chlorosis and necrosis , decay of the pith and other vascular region. Small dark streaks are seen at the base of the stem when flower bud opens Soil treatment with thiophanate methyl is effective. Bacterial blight Erwinia chrysanthemi Stems become hollow Growing disease free cultivars. Powdery mildew Oidium Chrysanthemi Appearance of powdery coating on the leaf surface. Spray carbendazin @ 0.1 ppm

14. Pest Symptoms Control Aphid Sucks the sap from growing stem tips and leaves, causing loss of vigour . Spraying of dimethoate @0.05% or neem oil 2% Thrips Sucks the sap from leaves and flowers leading to distortation of leaves and flowers. Soil drenching with chloropyriphos @ 0.1% to kill the pupae. Spraying of dimethoate @0.05% at 15 days interval. Hairy caterpillar Eat up the leaves, papery skeleton is left. Collection and destruction of egg masses. Spraying of carbaryl @0.1% or chloropyriphos @ 0.05%. Spider mite Sucks the sap from leaves and yellow streaks appear on the leaves , which spread until it become yellow and distorted. 2-3 spray of dimethoate @ 0.05% at 15 days interval. Common pest

15. Stage of harvesting depends upon cultivar, marketing. Standard chrysanthemums are harvested when only a few outer ray florets unfurl . Spary types are harvested when maximum number of flowers a re open before shedding of pollens from outer row of the disc floret. HARVESTING :