chickpea and its all details with climatic requirement .pptx

a ppt by priyanka irungbam chf cau

1. Chickpea/ Bengal gram Cicer arietinum

2. INTRODUCTION Gram, Bengal gram, Chana in India, Garbanzo in Europe Botanical name- Cicer arietinum Family- Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Sub family- Papilionaceae 2n=16

3. Consumed in the form of processed whole seed, dal or dal flour and used in preparing a variety of snacks, sweets and condiments and fresh green seeds. The husk or bits of grains or dry stover are used as popular nutritious cattle feed. It has medicinal values for blood purification or regular menstruation and good for diabetic patients. USES

4. NUTRIENT COMPONENT Protein- 18-22% Carbohydrate- 52-70% Fat- 4-10% Minerals- Ca-202mg/100g -Fe-10mg/100g - Vitamin C- 3mg/100g ORIGIN Originated in South-Eastern Turkey from its progenitor Cicer reticulatum. Later spread to Europe and Asian countries like India and Pakistan sometimes 2300 BC.

5. Area and Distribution 3 rd most important pulse crop after dry beans and dry peas, cultivated over an area 12 Mha with production of about 10.46 m tonnes. In India it is grown in an area 8.65 m ha and production 7.47 m ton with productivity of 1370 kg/ha. It occupies around 38 % pulse area and contributing 50% of total Indian pulse production. Mainly grown in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.

6. Botanical Description Herbaceous annual plant with indeterminate growth habit and growing to height of 20-60 cm Germination is Hypogeal Roots are robust and strong deep tap root system growing to 1.5-2.0 m The surface of plant shoot is covered with trichomes that secrete maleic (94%), oxalic (5-6%) and citric acids (traces) Inflorescence is terminal/ axilary raceme/ peduncle Pod develops after 5-6 days of anthesis. The number of pods vary from 30-150 per plant , number of seeds per pod varies from 1 to 3.

7. Classification of chickpea Desi type- Cicer arietnum 2n=14 Smaller seeds with rough seed coat Predominantly growing in Indian sub-continent, Africa and Australia Plants are smaller, leaves and stem are dark green in color and flower petals are purple in color Seeds have low glycemic index

8. 2. Kabuli type- Cicer kabulium 2n=16 Larger seeds, smooth seed coat Grown in E uropean and American countries Plants are taller, leaves and stem are light green color and flower petals are white to pale cream in color Short duration- 90 to 130 days Seeds have high glycemic index

9. CLIMATE- Moist and humid conditions for vegetative growth a nd drier conditions during flowering and pod development stages. Optimum temperature I s 15-22⁰C. does not withstand temperatures <5⁰C and >30⁰C and 400-600 mm rainfall for growth is desirable. Very sensitive to excess moisture, high humidity and cloudy weather. SOIL- Well drained medium heavy (clay) loams Neutral soils, cannot withstand acidity , but tolerates mild alkalinity up to pH of 8.0. SEED BED PREPARATION- Rough seedbed is considered ideal for chickpea as it allows better aeration and avoids soil compaction with winter rains.

10. PLANTING TIME AND METHOD Chickpea is grown in rabi season. The sowing is done in the month of October or November. Broadcasting seeds in well prepared seedbed followed by planking. Drilling seeds manually in furrows opened by desi plough with or without attachment of seeding tube (pora) Seeding through tractor or bullock operated seed drills Line sowing is beneficial over broadcast as it ensures uniform distribution of seeds , placement at proper depth, better plant stand, ease in cultural operation and also improved drainage. North-south row orientation is beneficial over east-west orientation as there is better interception of light in crop rows. Raised bed planting reduces water requirement and promotes better aeration.

11. SEED RATE In broadcast method of sowing, seed rate is kept higher Optimum seed rate for bold seeded chickpea genotypes is 80-85 kg/ha and for small seeded is 50-60kg/ha, under late planting should be increased by 20-30% over normal seed rate. Seedling depth considerably influence seed germination and emergence, in rain fed areas, deep sowing (10cm) of chickpea proved better then shallow depth (5cm).

12. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT NPK- 20:40:60: 0-20 kg/ha as a basal and urea or DAP 2% as foliar spray during pre- flowering and pod development helps to realize good yield. WATER MANAGEMENT On deep vertisols, if soil is fully recharged at planting time, post plant irrigation may not be required but on light textures soils, 1-2 irrigations at branching and pod development prove highly productive in most winter pulse crops. Critical stages for irrigation are branching and pod initiation/ development stage in most of rabi pulses. Moisture stress at early stage cuts the biological N2 fixation which gives poor yield.

13. WEED MANAGEMENT Winter pulses are infested with annual and perennial grasses, broadleaf weeds and sedges. In chickpea, initial 30-60 days are most critical for weed competition. In timely sown chickpea, the weed population by 30 days is quite high whereas in late sown chickpea, the buildup of weed is after 45 days. Two hand weeding/ mechanical intercultural at 20-25 DAS and 40-45 DAS or pre emergence application of pendimethalin (1.0 kg) or pre plant incorporation of fluchloralin (0.55 kg)

14. Soil solarization The soil is covered with polythene sheet and the temperature of the soil is increased to the lethal level for weeds. Soil temperature is increased to about 8-12⁰C by soil solarization over non mulched soil. INTERCULTURAL OPERATION Nipping encourage lateral branching as well as reproductive stages. Practice done at 50-60 DA S, it can be done by leaving a flock of sheep into the field or by spraying chemical TIBA @ 75ppm.

15. PLANT PROTECTION Important insect pests- gram pod borer, cutworms, semiloopers, aphids, termites Installation of bird perches @50/ha to control pod borer and semi looper. Seed treatment against termites and cutworms. Important diseases- wilt and Aschochyta blight. Seed treatment with thiram or bavistin (2.5 g/kg seed), growing resistant variety. Deep planting and delayed sowing helps in reducing wilt incidence in chickpea.

16. HARVEST AND YIELD After 120 days of duration, leaves turn brown, the plant is pulled and cut at base with sickle, sun dried for 5-6 days and beaten to separate seeds with sticks or by trampling under the feet of bullocks, further dried to 12% moisture and stored. Seed yield under rainfed is 12 to 17 q/ha and in irrigated 20-25q/ha.