Chikungunya (final).pdf

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1. Syeda Atya Batool 1349-FBAS/BSBT/F20
VaneezaMehtab 1370-FBAS/BSBT/F20
WajjihaAmjad 1378-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Sidra Fatima 1382-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Ayesha Ishtiaq 1383-FBAS/BSBT/F20
SheezaArif 1386-FBAS/BSBT/F20
NimraSarwar 1392-FBAS/BSBT/F20
Shabana Noor 1399-FBAS/BSBT/F20
GROUP B
Submitted to: Dr. Kehkashan
Submission date: October 12, 2022

2. Chikungunya
Topic:

3. Contents
1. 2.Introduction and
Discovery
Viral Morphology 3.Viral Replication/
Pathogenesis
4. 5.Symptoms Diagnosis and
Treatment
6.Prevention, Prognosis,
Conclusion

4. Introduction
and Discovery
01

5. Chikungunya Virus
●SinglestrandedRNAAlphavirus.
●Transmittedtohumansbymosquitobites.
●ChikungunyawordisfromMakondelanguagein
Tanzaniawhichmeans“thatwhichbendsup.”
●Itreferstothebentpostureofpatientsdueto
severejointpain.

6. ●ChikVusesAedesgenusmosquitoesasvectors.
●Rodents,birdsandbuffalosarealsothoughttobethe
vectors.
●Furtherspreadsintheautochthonouscycle.
●InAfricaChikVusedAedesAegyptiasvectorbutinAsia,
IndianOceanandEuropeA.albopictuswasreportedas
vectors.

7. Discovery
●In1952,firstcasewasreportedinMakonde
plateausinTanzania.
●RWRossisolatedthevirusfromtheserumoffebrile
patientsandmosquitoesin1953.
●Againin1958ChikVoutbreakwasreportedin
Bangkok,Thailand.
●In2019,AsiaandAmericawerethemostaffected
bychikungunya(Pakistanreported8378cases).

8. Viral
Morphology
02

9. ●CHIKVbelongstothegenusAlphavirus,familyTogaviridia.
●Itisasmall,spherical,envelopedicosahedralcapsidvirion,
andare60-70nmindiameter.
●Thesizeofvirusismediumaspervirusstandardsi.e100
angstromdiameter.
●Atthecenterofvirionisthenucleocapsidcoreof~35nmin
diameter,composedofCproteinincomplexwiththeviral
genome.

10. Geneticmaterial:
●Thevirushasapositive-sense,single-strandedRNAgenomeof
CHIKVisabout11.7kb
●Itencodes2openreadingframes(ORF),separatedby5’and3’
untranslatedregion.
●RNAvirusabletoevolverapidlyandexpandvector.

11. ●Fournon-structuralproteinsat5’end:nsp1,nsp2,nsp3,nsp4.
●Fivestructuralproteinsat3’end:Threeglycosylatedproteins,E1,E2,E3,asmall
64aminoacidsglycoprotein6k;Onenon-glycosylatednucleocapsidproteinC.
●Thesurfaceofthispositive-strandedRNAalphavirusiscoveredwith80trimeric
glycoproteinspikes.

12. ●TheE1andE2glycoproteinformheterodimersandassembleinto
spikesonthesurface.
●Whichfacilitatesviralaccessintothehostcell

13. Viral Replication/
Pathogenesis
03

14. Steps of Replication
Attachment
1
Clathrinmediated entry by
endocytosis
2
Fusion of viral envelope
3
Disassembly of
nucleocapsid
4
Spherule formation
5
Spherule internalization
6
Translation of subgenomic
RNA
7
Nucleocapsid assemble
with E2/E1 at plasma
membrane
8
CPV-IIs form, containing
hexagonal lattices of E2/E1
9
CPV-IIs serve as vehicle
10
Egress from CPV-II
structures
11

16. Symptoms
04

17. ●Majorityofpeopleinfectedwiththeviruswillhavesymptoms.
●3to28percentofpeopleinfectedwithchikungunyawillremain
asymptomatic,accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControland
Prevention.
●Thefirstsignofchikungunyawilltypicallybeahighfever(typically
above102degreesF),followedbyarash.
●Onsetofillnessusuallyoccurs4to8dayslater(buttherangecanbe
2to12days.

18. Joint pain
Headache
Arthritis
Nausea
Myalgia
Other
Symptoms

19. ●Conjunctivitis(Pinkorredcolorinthewhiteoftheeyes)
●Swellingoftheconjunctiva(thethinlayerthatlinesthe
whitepartoftheeyeandtheinsideoftheeyelid)and/or
eyelids).
●Maculopapularrash(characterizedbyaflatredareaonthe
skincoveredwithelevatedbumps)

20. Diagnosis and
Treatment
05

21. Diagnosis
●Seeyourhealthcareproviderifyouhavevisitedanareawhere
chikungunyaisfoundandhavesymptomsdescribedabove.
●Tellyourhealthcareproviderwhenandwhereyoutraveled.
●Yourhealthcareprovidermightorderbloodteststolookfor
chikungunyaorothersimilarviruseslikedengue.

22. Severalmethodscanbeusedfordiagnosis:
●Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assays
(ELISA),mayconfirmthepresenceofIgMand
IgGanti-chikungunyaantibodies.

23. Medical treatment:
•paracetamol to reduce fever and
pain.
•Injection Voveron3ml (powerful
analgesic painkiller).
•It relieves pain in muscles and
joints.
Self-treatment:
•Get plenty of rest.
•Drink fluids to prevent
dehydration.
•Eat Healthy
Treatment

24. Different types of CHIKV vaccines have recently been developed. However,
there is still no licensed vaccine or treatment available.
Vaccines
●Subunitvaccines
●Whole-virusinactivatedvaccine
●Formalin-inactivatedvaccines
●DNAvaccines
●Pseudoinfectiousvirus
●Asingle-doseinsectalphavirus-
vectoredvaccine
●LAVs-liveattenuatedvaccines

25. Prevention,
Prognosis,
Conclusion
06

26. ●Useinsectrepellentwhichare
proventobesafeandeffective
●Dressyourchildinclothing
thatcoversarmsandlegs. ●Coverstrollersandbaby
carrierswithmosquitonetting.
●Alwaysfollowlabelinstructions
oninsectrepellent
1. Protect yourself and Your Family from mosquitoes Bites

27. ●Wearlong-sleevedshirtsandlongpants
●Use0.5%permethrintotreatclothingandgear(suchasboots,
pants,socks,andtents)orbuypermethrin-treatedclothingand
gear.
●Permethrinisaninsecticidethatkillsorrepelsmosquitoes.
●Readproductinformationtofindouthowlongtheprotectionwill
last.
●Iftreatingitemsyourself,followtheproductinstructions.

28. Takethesethingswhiletravelling:
●EPA(EnvironmentalProtectionAgency)registeredinsect
repellent.
●Clotheswhichcancoveryourwholebody.
●Clothesandgeartreatedwith0.5%Permethrin.
●Stayinaroomoralodgingwithproperairconditioning
systemandscreendoors.
●UsePermethrin-treatednetforsleepingoutside.
2. Prevent Mosquito Bite while Traveling

29. ●Tokeepmosquitoesoutside,foldthenetunderthe
mattress.
●Selectalongmosquitonet.
●Checkthenetforanybreachesorholes.
●Avoidsleepingrightupagainstthenet.
●Thenetmustnotbehungclosetocandles,cigarettes,or
openflamesbecauseitmaycatchfire.
Donottraveltothoseareaswherethechancesofbeing
infectedwithChikungunyaareveryhigh.

30. Prognosis
●Mortality rate of
Chikungunya is slightly
less than 1 in 1000.
In 2022, and as of 24
August, 229 029 cases and 41
deaths have been reported.
●Thoseovertheageof65,neonates,andthose
withunderlyingchronicmedicalproblemsare
mostlikelytohaveseverecomplications.
●Neonatesarevulnerableasitispossible
toverticallytransmitchikungunyafrom
mothertoinfantduringdelivery,whichresults
inhighratesofmorbidity,asinfantslackfully
developedimmunesystems.

31. Interesting
Facts about
Chikungunya
Virus

32. Includedinthe
NeglectedTropical
Diseases.
Thevirusmaycause
encephalitis,adiseaseof
thecentralnervous
system.

33. ●Viraldiseasetransmittedtohumansbyinfectedmosquitoes.
●Currentlynolicensedvaccineorspecificdrugagainstthevirus.
●SharessomeclinicalsignswithdengueandZika,andcanbemisdiagnosed.
●Theproximityofmosquitobreedingsitestohumanhabitationisasignificantrisk
factorforchikungunya.
●Vaccinationofthesusceptiblepopulationisapowerfulmethodtocontrolinfection.
“Prevention is better than cure.”
Conclusion

35. Any
Question?