Chloride is a component in periodic table

chloride has various types and states

1. Chloride
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with chlorine.
For other uses, see Chloride (disambiguation).
Chloride anion
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
Chloride
[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number 16887-00-6
 
3D model (JSmol) Interactive image
Beilstein Reference3587171
ChEBI CHEBI:17996
ChEMBL ChEMBL19429
 
ChemSpider 306
 

3. Gmelin Reference 14910
IUPHAR/BPS 2339
KEGG C00698
 
PubChem CID 312
UNII Q32ZN48698
 
show
InChI
show
SMILES
Properties
Chemical formula Cl
−
Molar mass 35.45 g·mol
−1
Conjugate acid Hydrogen chloride
Thermochemistry
Std molar
entropy (S
⦵
298)
153.36 J·K
−1
·mol
−1[2]
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH
⦵
298)
−167 kJ·mol
−1[2]
Related compounds
Other anions Fluoride
Bromide
Iodide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for
materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F],
100 kPa).
Infobox references

4. The term chloride refers to a compound or molecule that contains either a chlorine ion (Cl
−
), which is a
negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the
molecule by a single bond (−Cl). Many inorganic chlorides are salts. Many organic compounds are
chlorides. The pronunciation of the word "chloride" is /ˈklɔːraɪd/.
[3]
The chlorine ion is an anion (negatively charged ion) with the charge Cl
−
. Chloride salts such as sodium
chloride are often soluble in water.
[4]
 It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for
maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating liquid flow in and out of cells.
Other examples of ionic chlorides are sodium chloride NaCl, calcium chloride CaCl2 and ammonium
chloride [NH4]Cl.
The chloride is also a neutral chlorine atom covalently bonded by a single bond to the rest of the
molecule. For example, methyl chloride CH3Cl is an organic compound with a covalent C−Cl bond in
which the chlorine is not an anion. Other examples of covalent chlorides are carbon
tetrachloride CCl4, sulfuryl chloride SO2Cl2 and monochloramine NH2Cl.
Electronic properties
[edit]
A chloride ion (diameter 167 pm) is much larger than a chlorine atom (diameter 99 pm). The chlorine
atom's hold on the valence shell is weaker because the chloride anion has one more electron than it
does.
[5]
 The ion is colorless and diamagnetic. In aqueous solution, it is highly soluble in most cases;
however, for some chloride salts, such as silver chloride, lead(II) chloride, and mercury(I) chloride, they
are only slightly soluble in water.
[6]
 In aqueous solution, chloride is bonded by the protic end of the water
molecules.
Reactions of chloride
[edit]
Chloride can be oxidized but not reduced. The first oxidation, as employed in the chlor-alkali process, is
conversion to chlorine gas. Chlorine can be further oxidized to other oxides and oxyanions
including hypochlorite (ClO
−
, the active ingredient in chlorine bleach), chlorine
dioxide (ClO2), chlorate (ClO
−
3), and perchlorate (ClO
−
4).
In terms of its acid–base properties, chloride is a weak base as indicated by the negative value of
the p K a of hydrochloric acid. Chloride can be protonated by strong acids, such as sulfuric acid:
NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
Ionic chloride salts react with other salts to exchange anions. The presence of halide ions like chloride
can be detected using silver nitrate. A solution containing chloride ions will produce a white silver
chloride precipitate:
[7]
Cl
−
 + Ag
+
 → AgCl

5. The concentration of chloride in an assay can be determined using a chloridometer, which detects silver
ions once all chloride in the assay has precipitated via this reaction.
Chlorided silver electrodes are commonly used in ex vivo electrophysiology.
[8]
Other oxyanions
[edit]
Chlorine can assume oxidation states of −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. Several neutral chlorine oxides are also
known.
Chlorine oxidation state−1 +1 +3 +5 +7
Name chloride
hypochlorit
e
chloritechlorateperchlorate
Formula Cl
−
ClO
− ClO
−
2
ClO
−
3
ClO
−
4
Structure
Occurrence in nature
[edit]
In nature, chloride is found primarily in seawater, which has a chloride ion concentration of
19400 mg/liter.
[9]
 Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in
subterranean brine wells, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea in Israel.
[10]
 Most chloride
salts are soluble in water, thus, chloride-containing minerals are usually only found in abundance in dry
climates or deep underground. Some chloride-containing minerals include halite (sodium
chloride NaCl), sylvite (potassium chloride KCl), bischofite (MgCl26H
∙
2O), carnallite (KCl MgCl
∙
26H
∙
2O),
and kainite (KCl MgSO
∙
43H
∙
2O). It is also found in evaporite minerals such as chlorapatite and sodalite.
Role in biology
[edit]
Chloride has a major physiological significance,
[11]
 which includes regulation of osmotic pressure,
electrolyte balance and acid-base homeostasis. Chloride is present in all body fluids,
[12]
 and is the most
abundant extracellular anion which accounts for around one third of extracellular fluid's tonicity.
[13][14]
Chloride is an essential electrolyte, playing a key role in maintaining cell homeostasis and
transmitting action potentials in neurons.
[15]
 It can flow through chloride channels (including
the GABAA receptor) and is transported by KCC2 and NKCC2 transporters.
Chloride is usually (though not always) at a higher extracellular concentration, causing it to have a
negative reversal potential (around −61 mV at 37 °C in a mammalian cell).
[16]
 Characteristic

6. concentrations of chloride in model organisms are: in both E. coli and budding yeast are 10–
200 mM (dependent on medium), in mammalian cells 5–100 mM and in blood plasma 100 mM.
[17]
The concentration of chloride in the blood is called serum chloride, and this concentration is regulated
by the kidneys. A chloride ion is a structural component of some proteins; for example, it is present in
the amylase enzyme. For these roles, chloride is one of the essential dietary mineral (listed by its
element name chlorine). Serum chloride levels are mainly regulated by the kidneys through a variety of
transporters that are present along the nephron.
[18]
 Most of the chloride, which is filtered by
the glomerulus, is reabsorbed by both proximal and distal tubules (majorly by proximal tubule) by both
active and passive transport.
[19]
Corrosion
[edit]
The structure of sodium chloride, revealing the tendency of
chloride ions (green spheres) to link to several cations.
The presence of chlorides, such as in seawater, significantly worsens the conditions for pitting
corrosion of most metals (including stainless steels, aluminum and high-alloyed materials). Chloride-
induced corrosion of steel in concrete lead to a local breakdown of the protective oxide form in alkaline
concrete, so that a subsequent localized corrosion attack takes place.
[20]
Environmental threats
[edit]
Increased concentrations of chloride can cause a number of ecological effects in both aquatic and
terrestrial environments. It may contribute to the acidification of streams, mobilize radioactive soil
metals by ion exchange, affect the mortality and reproduction of aquatic plants and animals, promote
the invasion of saltwater organisms into previously freshwater environments, and interfere with the
natural mixing of lakes. Sodium chloride has also been shown to change the composition of microbial
species at relatively low concentrations. It can also hinder the denitrification process, a microbial process
essential to nitrate removal and the conservation of water quality, and inhibit the nitrification and
respiration of organic matter.
[21]
Production
[edit]

7. The chlor-alkali industry is a major consumer of the world's energy budget. This process converts
concentrated sodium chloride solutions into chlorine and sodium hydroxide, which are used to make
many other materials and chemicals. The process involves two parallel reactions:
2 Cl
−
 → Cl
2 + 2 e
−

2 H
2O + 2 e
−
 → H2 + 2 OH
−
Basic membrane cell used in the electrolysis of brine. At the anode (A), chloride (Cl
−
) is oxidized to
chlorine. The ion-selective membrane (B) allows the counterion Na
+
 to freely flow across, but prevents
anions such as hydroxide (OH
−
) and chloride from diffusing across. At the cathode (C), water is reduced
to hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Examples and uses
[edit]
An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissociates
into Na
+
 and Cl
−
 ions. Salts such as calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride have varied
uses ranging from medical treatments to cement formation.
[4]
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is a salt that is marketed in pellet form for removing dampness from rooms.
Calcium chloride is also used for maintaining unpaved roads and for fortifying roadbases for new
construction. In addition, calcium chloride is widely used as a de-icer, since it is effective in lowering
the melting point when applied to ice.
[22]
Examples of covalently-bonded chlorides are phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride,
and thionyl chloride, all three of which are reactive chlorinating reagents that have been used in
a laboratory.
Water quality and processing
[edit]

8. A major application involving chloride is desalination, which involves the energy intensive removal of
chloride salts to give potable water. In the petroleum industry, the chlorides are a closely monitored
constituent of the mud system. An increase of the chlorides in the mud system may be an indication of
drilling into a high-pressure saltwater formation. Its increase can also indicate the poor quality of a target
sand.
[citation needed]
Chloride is also a useful and reliable chemical indicator of river and groundwater fecal contamination, as
chloride is a non-reactive solute and ubiquitous to sewage and potable water. Many water regulating
companies around the world utilize chloride to check the contamination levels of the rivers and potable
water sources.
[23]
Food
[edit]
Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are used to preserve food and as nutrients or condiments.