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community health nursing

1. Moomal College Of Nursing Allied Health Science Hyderabad BSN Generic 1 st Year 2 nd Semester Submitted to: Sir Paras Ali Pitafi

2. Group Members Nasir Hussain Qambar Ali Saad Raja vikram Rapheal

3. Objectives Water Definition of safe and wholesome water Uses of water Daily requirement for one person Sources of water and its pollution Water borne disease ( viral, bacterial , protozoal , worm etc ) Water purification at small and large scales

4. Definition of safe and wholesome water Safe water: Safe water refers to water that is free from harmful contaminants, such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and pollutants, ensuring it is suitable for drinking and other domestic uses without posing a risk to human health Wholesome water: Wholesome water refers to water that is clean, pure, and free from any impurities or harmful substances, ensuring it is safe for consumption and beneficial for overall health and well-being

5. Uses of water Water serves numerous vital functions in everyday life and across various sectors. Some common uses of water include: Drinking and Hydration: Water is essential for human survival, as it hydrates the body and supports bodily functions. Food Preparation and Cooking: Water is used in cooking processes such as boiling, steaming, and simmering. It is also used to clean fruits, vegetables, and cooking utensils. Sanitation and Personal Hygiene: Water is crucial for bathing, showering, hand washing, and maintaining personal hygiene. It is also used for flushing toilets and cleaning household surfaces. Industrial Processes: Water is utilized in various industrial processes, including manufacturing, power generation, cooling systems, and cleaning operations.

6. Agriculture and Irrigation: Water is essential for irrigating crops, sustaining livestock, and maintaining agricultural productivity. Commercial and Public Services: Water is used in commercial establishments such as restaurants, hotels, and Laundromats. It is also provided through public water supply systems for firefighting, street cleaning, and public amenities. Recreation and Leisure: Water provides opportunities for recreational activities such as swimming, boating, fishing, and water sports. Environmental Maintenance: Water supports ecosystems by providing habitats for aquatic life, sustaining biodiversity, and facilitating natural processes such as erosion control and nutrient cycling.

7. CONTINUE Medical and Healthcare: Water is used in medical facilities for patient care, sterilization of equipment, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Transportation : Water serves as a mode of transportation for goods and people through activities such as shipping, boating, and ferry services. These are just a few examples of the diverse and essential uses of water in daily life, industry, and the environment.

8. Daily requirement for one person On average How much daily total water do you need? For healthy individuals, the average daily water for men is about 15.5 cups and for women about 11.5 cups. That might mean you need only four to six cups of plain water, depending on other fluid sources such as coffee, tea, juice, fruits, and vegetables.

9. Sources of water and its pollution Sources of water Freshwater sources include rivers, lagoons, lakes, wetlands, icebergs, glaciers, groundwater currents, aquifers, ice caps, and ice fields Water pollution is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Pollutants include chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. All forms of pollution eventually make their way to water.

10. Water borne disease ( viral, bacterial , protozoal , worm etc ) Waterborne diseases are illnesses caused by microorganisms that are transmitted through contaminated water. These diseases can be caused by various types of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites. Some common waterborne diseases caused by each type of pathogen include: Viral Waterborne Diseases : Hepatitis A : A viral infection affecting the liver, transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to contaminated water or food. Norovirus Infection : Causes gastroenteritis with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps, often spread through contaminated water or food.

11. Bacterial Waterborne Diseases : Cholera : Caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae , cholera leads to severe diarrhea and dehydration and can be fatal if untreated . Typhoid Fever : Caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi , typhoid fever causes fever, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms and is transmitted through contaminated water or food . E. coli Infection : Certain strains of Escherichia coli bacteria, such as E. coli O157:H7, can cause severe gastrointestinal illness, including diarrhea and abdominal cramps, when transmitted through contaminated water or food . Protozoal Waterborne Diseases : Giardiasis : Caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, giardiasis leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and bloating. Cryptosporidiosis : Caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, this disease causes watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting.

12. Continue Parasitic Waterborne Diseases : Schistosomiasis : Caused by parasitic worms (Schistosoma species) found in contaminated freshwater, schistosomiasis can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, and damage to the liver, bladder, and other organs . Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) : Caused by the parasitic worm Dracunculus medinensis, this disease leads to painful skin lesions and ulcers when infected individuals ingest water containing infected copepods . Preventing waterborne diseases involves ensuring access to safe drinking water, practicing proper sanitation and hygiene, treating water to remove or kill pathogens, and implementing measures to prevent contamination of water sources. Additionally, public health interventions such as vaccination, water quality monitoring, and health education play critical roles in controlling the spread of waterborne illnesses

13. Water purification at small and large scales Water purification can be achieved at both small and large scales using various methods and technologies tailored to the specific needs and capacity of the operation. Here are some common water purification methods employed at small and large scales: Small-Scale Water Purification: Boiling: Boiling water is a simple and effective method to kill most bacteria, viruses, and parasites present in water. It is commonly used in households and camping situations. Filtration: Filtration methods, such as ceramic filters, activated carbon filters, or membrane filters, can remove particles, sediment, and some microorganisms from water. These are often used in portable water filter systems or household filtration pitchers. Chlorination: Adding chlorine bleach or chlorine tablets to water can disinfect it by killing bacteria and viruses. This method is commonly used in emergency situations or for treating small batches of water.

14. UV Disinfection: UV (ultraviolet) light can be used to disinfect water by inactivating microorganisms. Portable UV water purifiers are available for small-scale use, such as hiking or travel. Solar Disinfection (SODIS): This method uses sunlight to disinfect water contained in clear plastic or glass bottles. Exposure to UV radiation and heat from the sun kills microorganisms, making the water safe to drink. Large-Scale Water Purification: Coagulation and Flocculation: Large-scale water treatment plants use chemicals such as alum (aluminum sulfate) or ferric chloride to coagulate and flocculate suspended particles and impurities, allowing them to settle out of the water. Sedimentation: After coagulation and flocculation, water undergoes sedimentation in large settling tanks, where the heavier particles settle to the bottom and are removed. Filtration: Water passes through layers of sand, gravel, or multimedia filters to remove remaining suspended particles, microorganisms, and impurities.

15. C ontinue Disinfection : Various disinfection methods, including chlorination, ozonation, UV irradiation, or chloramination, are used to kill or inactivate bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens present in the water . Reverse Osmosis (RO): RO systems use semi-permeable membranes to remove dissolved salts, minerals, and contaminants from water at the molecular level. RO is commonly used for desalination and producing high-quality drinking water . Activated Carbon Adsorption: Activated carbon filters are used to adsorb organic compounds, odors, and certain chemicals from water, improving its taste and odor . Ion Exchange: Ion exchange resins can remove dissolved ions, such as hardness minerals (calcium and magnesium) or heavy metals, from water by exchanging them with other ions in the resin . Large-scale water purification plants typically combine multiple treatment processes in a treatment train to ensure the production of safe and high-quality drinking water that meets regulatory standards. These plants often serve communities, cities, industries, and commercial establishments, providing clean and potable water to large populations.

16. References Notes Chatgpt (https://chat.openai.com/c/d6a4f079-0ab7-4550-83ef-a47dd90245cb) Google Slide share (slideshare.net/BASAVARAJHUKKERI5/teaching-learning-process-251274447)