CHN_Semester_VIII-_Objective_2.3.4_unit_01.pptx

Community health nursing

1. COMMUNITH HEALTH NURSING-II Major(R)Munnaza Parveen RN.RM.BScN,DTA.DWA.DPH DCHN,MBA (Health Mgt) 1 Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd)

2. 2 UNIT 01 Health Transition and Global Health Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd)

3. Objectives 2,3 & 4 At the end of this session the participants will be able to: Define population pyramid. Discuss the types of PP. Interpret the various findings in the PP. Differentiate between the pyramids of developed and underdeveloped countries. Discuss double burden ,double burden of diseases & QALY , DALY. Identify the various phases of natural history of disease. Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 3

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5. POPULATION PYRAMID Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 5 Definition: A pictorial representation of population to analyze growth or decline of fertility, mortality and migration in cities or countries. It shows oldies, economically active and kids. It also shows the number/percentage of male and females.

6. TYPES OF POPULATION PYRAMID Expensive: Shows larger number of population in younger group. Usually with each age group larger in size then one born before it. “Population growth is rapid” Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 6

7. Expensive Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 7

8. Cont…TYPES OF POPULATION PYRAMID CONSTRICTIVE: Displays lower number of younger population. “Population growth is negative” Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 8

9. CONSTRICTIVE Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 9

10. Cont…TYPES OF POPULATION PYRAMID Symmetry: Pyramid should be relatively symmetrical. Any asymmetry shows difference in male ,female proportion of population Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 10

11. Symmetrical & Asymmetrical Population pyramid Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 11

12. Cont…TYPES OF POPULATION PYRAMID Stationary or near Stationary population pyramid: Displays some what equal number for all age groups. Small figures still expected at old age. In this type population growth is stable. Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 12

13. Stationary or near Stationary Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 13

14. Interpretation of population pyrmid. Width of the base: A wide base indicates a high birth rate. A narrow base indicates low birth rate. Shape of the sides: Concave sides indicates a high death rate where as convex sides indicates low death rates. Bumps in the sides : Irregularities in the sides indicates demographic anomaly eg baby booms and migrants. Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 14

15. Difference between pyramid of developed & developing countries Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 15

16. Developing countries: Countries with low slandered of living Undeveloped industry Lack of modern technology High birth rates High fertility rate Low levels of: Education Health Life expectancy Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 16

17. Developed countries Countries with high standard of living. Highly developed Industry. Modern technology Low birth rate Low death rate Low fertility rate High level of: education health life expectancy Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 17

18. Burden of disease’. The burden of disease is the impact of a health problem as measured by different indicators, for example financial cost, mortality or morbidity. It can be quantified for example in QALYs or DALYs, by which you can measure how large the burden of a disease is for one’s health. Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 18

19. Double burden of disease Developing countries are facing double burden of diseases ie infectious diseases along with chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease. Most of under developed countries suffer from a  triple .  burden of disease : the backlog of common infections, under nutrition, and maternal mortality, the emerging. challenges of non-communicable  diseases  (NCDs), such as. cancer, diabetes, heart  disease , and mental illness. Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 19

20. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study ( GBD ) is the single largest and most detailed scientific effort ever conducted to quantify levels and trends in health. Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 20 Double burden  is a term used to describe the workload of people who work to earn money, but who are also responsible for significant amounts of unpaid domestic labor. This phenomenon is also known as “The Second Shift “as in Arlie Hochschild's book of the same name.

21. The  quality-adjusted life year  or  quality-adjusted life-year  ( QALY ) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value for money of medical interventions. One  QALY compare to one year in perfect health. Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 21

22. Disability-Adjusted Life Year YLDs = Years Lived with Disability DALYs = Disability Adjusted Life Years The sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of productive life lost due to disability. Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd) 22 The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. It was developed in the 1990s as a way of comparing the overall health and life expectancy of different countries.

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24. NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE This term refers to the course that the disease would follow, if no intervention is done. It can be broadly divided into two stags, the stage of pre pathogenesis and pathogenesis.

25. STAGES OF DISEASE IN MAN Stage of prepathogenesis: This is the stage at which man is not involved by the disease process. During this stage, however, the agent, host and environment interactions bring together the agent and the host or produce a disease provoking stimulus in the human host. 25 Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd)

26. STAGES OF DISEASE IN MAN II. Stage of pathogenesis Pre-clinical phase Agent (or stimulus) becomes established in the host and increases by multiplication Changes occur in the body in response to the agent. These changes may be related to immune resistance, physiological function or tissue morphology. Clinical phase Active clinical illness with characteristic signs and symptoms Convalescence Chronic illness Disability and defect Recovery or death 26 Major Munnaza Parveen(Rtd)

27. Major Munnaza Parveen (Rtd) ?

28. Major Munnaza Parveen (Rtd) Thank You