CHN unit 1 modern concepts , introduction

child health nursing

1. CHILD HEALTH NURSING

2. SYLLABUS THEORY : 140 HRS PRACTICAL : 400 HRS TOTAL UNITS : 11

3. UNIT 1 CONCEPTS OF CHILD CARE History of child health nursing Principles of child health nursing Difference between adult and child nursing Rights of children Qualities of a child health nurse National policy & legislations in relation to child health and welfare. Child welfare programmes: State, National, international

4. MEANING Word “ PEDIATRICS ” derived from Greek Word . “ PEDIA ” means CHILD. IATRIC means TREATMENT ICS means branch of science.

5. DEFINITION Branch of medical science that deals with child development and care and with the diseses of childhood and their treatment. Father of pediatrics - Abraham Jacobi (1830- 1919)

6. HISTORY OF CHILD HEALTH NURSING Prehistoric times ( befor 3000BC) Ancient Civilization (3000 BC to 500AD) Medieval World (450-1350 AD) Renaissance and Early modern World (1350-1800 AD) Modern world (1800 AD onwards)

7. Prehistoric times No precise documents Survival of the fittest Undesirable babies were made to die. Deformed infants believed to be the punishment of previous transgressions.

8. The first citation of qualities of breast milk and child hygiene was in 225 BC in Indian ‘Susruta Samhitha’ . Hippocrates , made significant contributions on diseases found in children. The first indian pediatricians were kashyapa & Jeevaka . They worked on children diseases and child care.

9. Susruta wrote about Ayurvedic medicine that can be used for children . It was the first written record of pediatrics anywhere in the world. Susruta was known as " Indian Hippocrates '. He wrote on child rearing practices, infant feeding and diseases of childhood.

10. Ancient civilizations (3000BC to 500 AD) Practice of medicine combined knowledge and magic. People sttled in valley of Nile river cared for children, encouraged breastfeeding. Medical care of mothers and children. Different treatment for adults and children.

11. 1st century AD : CELSIUS state children require different treatment from adults. 2nd century AD: SORANEOUS ( Greek) wrote first manuscript devoted to pediatrics.

12. Medieval World (450-1350 AD) War and epidemics Great sickness, suffering and death Leprosy, plague, influenza & smallpox were prevalent. First infant asylum found in Italy in 787 AD. Lack of knowledge of standard nursing care and sanitation , conditions in these shelters extremely poor.

13. Renaissance and Early modern World (1350-1800 AD) Industrial revolution Child labour was common Darkest period in child care in Great Britain and western europe during early 1800s. Young children worked in cotton mills for more than 10 hrs a day Accidents were common

14. Many advances in medicines, science, literature and politics happen. 1545 : The Book o n Children by Thomas Phaer (Father of English Pediatrics). The Children’s Book by Felix Wurtz.

15. 1576- 1660: St.Vincent de Paul ( Patron of saint of orphans) work in child care. Early 17th century: Children's asylums founded. William Harvey Edward jenner Microscope Obstetrical forceps Clinical thermometers

16. Modern world (1800 AD onwards) Man conquered disease, hunger, thirst, ignorance and superstitions. knowledge about human body and cause of disease. Concept of public health - purified water supply, sewage disposal, pasteurization of milk, immunization program, maternal and child health programs, law to control child labour, child abuse and adoption, inspection of hospitals and child care facilities.

17. 1830- 1919: Abraham Jacobi , study of pediatrics began under the influence of Persian born physician. 1852: Feb 14, Dr Charles West opened the famous GREAT ORMOND STREET HOSPITAL for sick hospital.

18. 1860 : Abraham Jacobi ( father of paediatrics ), established the first child clinic in NewYork 1888: American Pediatrtic Society under leadership of Abraham Jacobi 1888 : First department of pediatrics was established at Harvard University (Hod- Dr. Thomas Morgan Rotch)

19. 1912 : Establishment of Children’s Bureau in th United States . 1946: UNICEF 1952 : Universal Children’s Day was celebrated by UNICEF on Nov 20. 1974 : National policies of children.

20. DEVELOPMENT OF PEDIATRIC NURSING 1771: Newyork hospital which was among the first teaching hospitals in USA provided classroom presentation designed for nursing professionals caring children. 1790: first orphanage was established.

21. 1867-1940 : Lillian Wald - founder of public health nursing 1880: children hospital traininig school in Sanfrancico 1887: Ethel Mason started nursing at Children's hospital at Nottingham.

22. 20th CENTURY Changes in hospital policies. Psychoanalytic theory, cognitive theory & socioculural learning theory etc brought tremendous change in pediatrics. Recent trends - pediatric ambulatory care, home care,day surgery. Therapeutic role of play, group play & occupational therapy. Advances in surgical techniques, treatment, diagnostic methods.

23. Development of Pediatric Medicine and Pediatric Nursing in India 6th centuryBC: CThe world's first pediatricians Kashyapa and Jeevaka pioneered works on child care & children's disease 4th century AD: Charaka a physician wrote on care and management of newborn in his Ashtanga Hridaya .

24. In India in the earlier periods of nursing training, pediatric nursing was not given much importance. 1950 : Pediatric nursing as a course was introduced when College of Nursing at CMC, Vellore and RAK College of Nursing in Delhi started undergraduate degree program in nursing.

25. Pediatric nursing was included in General Nursing and Midwifery Program. But there was no separate theory examination. 1996: In Kerala, the first postgraduate program in pediatric nursing was started at College of Nursing , Thiruvananthapuram . ( Bsc nursing in 1972)

26. PRINCIPLES OF CHILD HEALTH NURSING Respect the child’s needs to regress and help them accept dependence on others if he resists this. Have an awareness of the child’s need for help in the stages of development.

27. Protect the child-family interpersonal relatiuonship. awareness of the feelings of others and readiness to respond to them so as to strenghten their resources to cope up with stress. Children can tolerate discomfort and comprehend its real purpose if they are prepared for it. To child, play is not the time out from daily living, but rather an essential part of it that enables him grow and mature through the various stages of development.

28. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADULT AND CHILD Anatomical differences Physiological differences Psychological differences

29. Anatomical Differences Size Skull Eyes Nose Oral cavity Stomach Eustachian tube

30. Size

31. Skull

32. Eyes

33. NOSE

34. ORAL CAVITY

35. STOMACH

36. EUSTACHIAN TUBE

37. PHYSIOLOGIC DIFFERENCES BMR Regulation of body temperature Fluids and electrolytes Cardiovascular system Hematologic system Gastro intestinal system Respiratory system Integumentary system Urinary system Central nervous system

38. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES IN ILLNESSES