chp 2 class 11 part 1.pdf methods of enquirey in psychology

chapter 2 class 11 psychology

13. •If they do, the existing hypothesis/ theory is confirmed.
•If not, researcher will revise or state an alternative
hypothesis/ theory and again test it based on new data and
draw conclusions which may be verified by future
researchers.

19. Observational Method
•It is a very powerful method of psychological enquiry
•It is an effective method of describing behaviour.
•It involves the selection of a particular behaviour, recording the selected
behaviour using symbols, photographs and analysis of the recorded
behaviour.
Three steps:
1.Selection
2.Recording
3.Analysis of data

21. Naturalistic Observation:
•When observations are done in a natural or real-life settings, it is called
naturalistic observation.
•In this case the observer makes no effort to control or manipulate the
situation for making an observation.
•This type of observation is conducted in hospitals, homes, schools, day
care centers, etc.

22. Controlled Observation:
•Many a times we might need to control certain factors that
determine behaviouras they are not the focus of your study.
•For this reason, many of the studies in psychology are conducted in
the laboratory.
•This type of observation is called Controlled Observation.

23. ParticipantObservation:
•Participant observation is when the observer becomes a part of the group that
is being studied.
•This type of observation allows the observer to get a closer look at the group
and their behaviour.
•In participant observation, the observer takes some time to establish a rapport
with the group so that they start accepting her/him as one of the group
members.

24. Non ParticipantObservation:
•Non-participant observation is when the observer remains outside the group
and simply watches their behaviour.
•This type of observation allows for a wider view of the group.
•However, in this case, the person being observed may not be aware that s/he is
being observed.

25. Observational Method
Merits -
•It enables the researcher to study people and their behaviour.
•Can provide in-depth information about behaviour to be
observed.
Demerits -
•It is time-consuming.
•It can be labour-intensive at times.
•Poor method for establishing cause and effect relationship.

32. Extraneous variables influence dependent variable.
3 types:

1. Organismic variable: Anxiety, Motivation, Intelligence

2. Situational or environmental variable: Noise, Temperature,
Humidity

3. Sequential variable: Several testing conditions

33. Technique to control variables:
1.
Eliminate them from experimental setting.
2.
Keep variables constant.
3.
For organismic variables –Matching is used.
4.
For sequential variable counter-balancing technique –A-B-B-A.
5.
Random assignment of participants.