CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.pptx

This document provides information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is of two major types: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

1. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE Ms. Jyoti Chand MS.C Nursing

2. DEFINITION COPD is also known as chronic obstructive lung disease. COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstruction to the airflow from the lungs. It is caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke.

3. OR COPD is a disease characterized by airflow obstruction, which is progressive & irreversible, it includes: Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis

4. Emphysema It is long- term, progressive, irreversible disease of lungs that affects the respiratory system. Emphysema is a condition that involves damage to the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung making it difficult to breath.

5. Causes Causes of emphysema are: Cigarette smoking- commonest Deficiency of alfa 1 antitrypsin enzyme Occupational exposure to chemical irritants Pollution exposure Poorly ventilated house

6. TYPES

7. 1) Centriacinar: It affects the respiratory bronchioles and involves the upper lobes. It is associated with smoking. 2) Pan acinar : it affects the alveoli & alveolar ducts and eventually the respiratory bronchioles , involves the lower lobes.

8. Clinical Features Dyspnea Tachypnoea Pink Puffer Barrel chest Cough Weight loss

9. Pathophysiology

10. Cont..

11. Diagnostic evaluation History collection Physical examination Chest x-ray CT scan ABG Analysis Complete blood count Sputum examination Pulmonary function test

12. Management Oxygen therapy Bronchodilators (salbutamol) Cortico-steroids (Betamethasone) Postural Drainage Deep breathing exercises

13. Surgical Management Bullectomy: enlarge air spaces which does not participants in gases exchange are surgically removes. Lung volume reduction: Part of affected airway is removed which enhance the gas exchange in healthy tissue. Lobectomy: removal of affected lobe.

14. Nursing Management Monitor vital signs, oxygen saturation, breath sounds, and arterial blood gases. Emphasize smoking cessation and avoidance of other external irritants (e.g., dust and allergens). Supervise respiratory exercises, such as pursed-lip breathing. Provide orthopenic position. Encourage fluids to maintain hydration . Teach use of inhalers and other special equipment (e.g., spacer, peak expiratory flow meter)

15. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

16. DEFINITION Chronic bronchitis is one of the obstructive airway disorders, commonly seen in smokers. Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years . Chronic bronchitis patients are often referred as “ blue bloaters”.

17. Pathophysiology

18. Pathology Gross: Edematous mucosa with excessive mucous secretion Microscopic: There is hypertrophy of submucosal glands, accumulation of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes.

19. Complications Obstruction of the airway by mucus, leading to bronchiectasis or atelectasis. Pulmonary hypertension