Chrysanthemum cultivation in open condition

The detail cultivation of chrysanthemum is explained in this ppt useful for the agriculture as well as horticulture students.
especially the course of HORT-354 Production technology for ornamental crops, MAP and landscaping.
The points useful for the chrysanthemum cultivation study is discuss in this ppt

1. HORT-354 Production technology for ornamental crops, MAP and Landscaping - By Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.

2. Production technology for the Cultivation of chrysanthemum in open condition

3. CHRYSANTHEMUM Golden flower – National Flower of Japan Scientific Name: Chrysanthemum indicum , ( Dendranthema grandiflora ) Local Name: Chrysanthemum Hindi name: Guldaidi Family: Asteraceae Origin: Northern Hemisphere of Europe and Asia (CHINA) Pollination type: Cross Pollinated Chromosome ratio: 2n=36,45, 47,51.

4. Introduction: One of the most important traditional flower Also Known as QUEEN OF EAST or Glory of East or Winter Queen/ Autumn Queen Chrysanthemums generally symbolize longevity, fidelity, joy and optimism . Chrysanthemum = “ Chrysos ” means “Golden” and “ a nthos ” means “Flower”. C. sinense , C. inicum , C. japonicum , C. ornatum , C. maxima are some species involved in the development. Occupies a place of pride at commercial crop as well as a popular exhibition flower. Ranks 2 nd after Rose. Wide range of type, size and color and also forms.

5. Importance: It is used as potted plant (pot mums), as well as, cut flower , and in Asia, even as loose flower. Phyrethroids are derived from pyrethrins (insecticidal substance) found in natural pyrethrum extracted from the Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum . Tall grown plants are used for background planting in borders. Dwarf growing are used for flower beds and pot culture. Loose type flowers are useful for garland, veni , worship, etc. Long stem flowers – cut flowers for Bouquet, vase, etc. Extra large – Bloomed cultivars for exhibition. Decorative and fluffy bloomed small-flowered cultivars are ideal for garland and hair decoration. Chrysanthemum morifolium is an important source of essential oil and sesquiterpenoid alcohol.

6. Area and production: The chrysanthemum is one of the most important flower crops commercially grown in different parts of the world. In India, it is commercially grown in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. It is grown in on area of about 4,000 ha . In India, Area under cultivation – 17.89 ha, production – Loose Flower- 183.36 MT, Cut Flower- 504.32 MT. (2013-14 ) Tamil N adu is the highest producing country in India. (71.29 MT in 2015-16). In 2015-16, Maharashtra production was 5.05 MT of loose flower. In different states of India, it is grown with different names, Guldaudi in Hindi belt, Chandramalika in the eastern state, Samanti in the southern states and Shevanti in the western states .

7. Soil: A well drained, sandy loam of good texture and good aerated. Good amount of organic matter should be contained. pH required is 6.5 to 7.5. Being a shallow fibrous rooted plant, it is very sensible to water logged conditions. Climate: A qualitative short day plant. The most important environmental factors influencing the growth and flowering of these plants are light and temperature. Temperature affect the rate of vegetative growth and flowering. Relative humidity suitable is 70 to 75%. Optimum temperature: 16 to 250C. Required ultimate attitude of 1200 m.

8. Incurved Reflexed Spider type Korean single Korean double Decorative Anemone Pompon Types : Incurved Spider type Reflexed Korean double Pompon Anemone Decorative

9. Varieties for garland purpose: Eaggi , Basanti , Shanty, Indira, Rakhi , Red Gold, Birbal , Sahani , Vasantika , Sharad Mala, Meera and Jaya. Varieties for cut spray: Apsara , Birbal Sahani , Jayanti , Jubilee, Kundan , Purnima , Nanako , Riot , Arctic and Charlia . Other var ieties: Florets, snowball, Agni- shikha , Navneet yellow, Gypsy Queen, Ajina Purple, M-24, G auri , etc . Developed by Dr. PDKV, Akola- PDKV Ragini ( CHR-Mut-05-02) New colour pattern i.e. Red tinge on yellow petals. More number of flowers per plant High yield (Avg. 179.40 q/ha) Moderately resistant to F usarium wilt . Varieties:

10. Propagation : Propagated by vegetative means by suckers and terminal cuttings or micro-propagation. By suckers : The stem is cut just above the ground After completion of flowering which induces the formation of side shoots or suckers. These side suckers are separated from mother plant and planted in sand. The well rooted suckers can be directly planted to field . Terminal cuttings : The cuttings are taken from a healthy stock plant, 5 -7cm long cutting are made removing lower leaves and half of the open leaves. The cuttings are dipped in the IBA (2S00ppm) or in Seradexl Keradex (rooting hormone) then planted in sand bed. Spacing : 30 X 30 cm or 30 X 45 cm.

11. Spacing: Planting: Ideal planting time is April – June Plant first in the nursery beds , and then finally transplanting in the permanent beds after one month, followed by immediate irrigation. From the view of plant density of 32 cuttings per sq. m is reported ideal. Usual spacing being kept in India is 20 × 30 cm, 30 × 30 cm, or 40 × 40 cm/m2, however, the spacing of 20 × 30 cm gives best economic yield . Rate of Planting: 1 to 1.25 lac cuttings / ha is ideal for obtaining proper plant population.

12. Nutrient Management: Heavy feeder for nitrogen and potassium Responds well to manuring , add 8-10 tones of well rotten FYM per acre. Apply 50 kg of nitrogen, 160 kg p2o5 and 80 kg k2o as a basal dose. (50:160:80) Spray GA3 at 50 ppm at 30, 45 and 60 days after planting to increase the flower yield. Phosphorus is applied as the basal dose before planting along with some 20 kg of nitrogen. The other two split doses of nitrogen should be applied after every two months of planting.

13. Irrigation Management : Watering depends on the stage of plant growth, the soil type, soil moisture level, prevailing weather condition, and relative atmospheric humidity. Immediately after transplanting, are once watered to recover from the lifting shock and for proper settling of roots. Thereafter, these are watered at an interval of every 4-5 days in the summer season, however in winters, these maybe watered at an interval of 7–10 days. If rains delayed irrigation is given twice a week in the first month and subsequently at weekly interval. About 8 – 9 lit of water/sq.mt is required/day.

14. Intercultural operations : Weed control: Done manually , normally 8-10 yearly. Control of soil is made loose porous to provide aeration. Pinching: Removal of growing tips of the growing tips of the plant to induce the growth of vegetative laterals . Soft and Hard are the two types of pinching. De-suckering: For proper growth of plants, suckers are removed time to time . Budding: Helps to increase number of plants . Dis-budding : Perform for large and decorative flower. Pinching

15. Harvesting: Depending upon the varieties, plant start yielding flower after 3-4 months of transplanting. For cut flower purpose, stem is cut about 10 cm above the soil The lower 1/3 of stem are placed in water to extend the vase life of cut flowers . Harvesting should be done early in the morning or late evening. Ideal period of harvesting is from I st fortnight of Nov. to I st fortnight of February. Standard type chrysanthemum is harvested when fully open, but before central disc starts elongating. Spray cultivars are harvested when fully open but before the shedding of pollen, and pompons are harvested when the center of oldest flower is fully open.

16. Yield: One can harvest the flowers around 15 times. The yield ranges from 10 to 15 tones of loose flowers per acre . Yield of good quality sprays range from 1,00,00 – 1,20,000 from one ha area land. Raton crop: 4-5 tones per ha. Sprays- 1,00,000 stems can be obtained from one ha. Yield:

17. Pests: Aphids ( Macrosiphoniella sanborni ) Thrips ( Frankliniella sp.) Leaf Folder ( Hedyleta indicate) Bud Borer ( Helicoverpa armigera ) Hairy Caterpillar ( Spilosoma oblique) Termites ( Microtermes obsel ) Lesion Nematode ( Oratylenchus coffeae ) Bud and Leaf Nematode ( Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi ) Disease: Root rot: ( Pythium   spp or   Phytophthora   spp Leaf spot:  ( Septoria chrysanthemella ) Fusarium Wilt : ( Verticillium dahlia ) Rust:  ( Puccinia spp ) Powdery mildew : ( Oidium chrysanthemi ) Viral disease: Chrysanthemum stunt Chrysanthemum mosaic disease

18. THANK YOU…