CirculatorySystemAnatomyandPhysiology.pdf

Circulatory System Anatomy and Physiology Basics

1. The Circulatory System

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2. INTRODUCTION
The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
The system supplies nutrients
to and remove waste products
from various tissue of body.

Figure 1-2(f)

3. FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Transport nutrients, hormones
Remove waste products
Gaseous exchange
Immunity
 Blood vessels transport blood
◦Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

4. HEART
•Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ approximately the size of
your fist
•Location:
–Superior surface of diaphragm
–Left of the midline
–Anterior to the vertebral column,
posterior to the sternum
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5. HEART
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Figure 18.1

7. FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
•Generating blood pressure
•Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
•Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
•Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

8. The Heart- cardiac muscle tissue
–highly interconnected cells
–four chambers
•Right atrium
•Right ventricle
•Left atrium
•Left ventricle
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ANATOMY OF THE HEART

9. Heart Wall
•Three layers of tissue
–Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth
outer surface of heart
–Myocardium: Middle layer composed of
cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart
contracting
–Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart
chambers
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10. Heart Wall
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11. Heart Valves
•Atrioventricular
–Tricuspid
–Bicuspid or mitral
•Semilunar
–Aortic
–Pulmonary
•Prevent blood from
flowing back
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12. Blood Vessels
Hollow tubes that circulate your blood

13. Three Kinds of Blood Vessels
•Arteries
•Veins
•Capillaries

14. Arteries
•Carry blood AWAY from the heart
•Main artery called the aorta
•Aorta divides and branches
•Each region of your body has system of
arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich
blood.

15. Arteries
•Tough on the outside
•Smooth on the inside
•Muscular wall helps the heart pump blood

16. Have strong, muscular walls
The inner layer is very smooth so that the blood
can flow easily

17. Capillaries
•Very thin
•Only one cell thick
•Connect arteries & veins

18. Capillaries
•Food and oxygen released to the body cells
•Carbon dioxide and other waste products
returned to the bloodstream

21. Veins
•Carry blood to the heart
•Receive blood from the capillaries
•Transport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor blood back
to the lungs and heart

22. Valves are located inside the veins. The valves
only allow blood to move in one direction.

23. Major arteries and veins of the
systemic circuit
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24. The Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels -A network of tubes

–Arteriesarterioles move away from the heart
•Elastic Fibers
•Circular Smooth Muscle

–Capillaries – where gas exchange takes place.
•One cell thick
•Serves the Respiratory System

–VeinsVenules moves towards the heart
•Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back from legs
•One way values
•When they break - varicose veins form


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26. Blood Flow
•The beating of the heart is necessary to
homeostasis because it creates pressure
that propels blood in arteries and the
arterioles.
•Arterioles lead to the capillaries where
nutrient and gas exchange with tissue
fluid takes place.
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27. Blood Flow in Arteries
•Blood pressure due to the pumping of the
heart accounts for the flow of blood in the
arteries.
•Systolic pressure is high when the heart
expels the blood.
•Diastolic pressure occurs when the heart
ventricles are relaxing.
•Both pressures decrease with distance from
the left ventricle because blood enters more
and more arterioles and arteries.

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28. Blood Pressure
As blood is moved through your body, it exerts pressure against the walls of blood
vessels.
•Systolic Pressure: as your
heart contracts to push blood
into your arteries, your blood
pressure is at its highest
point.

•Diastolic Pressure: As your
heart relaxes to refill, blood
pressure is at its lowest point.

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30. The Cardiovascular System
The Blood

A.Plasma

Liquid portion of the blood.
Contains clotting factors,
hormones, antibodies, dissolved
gases, nutrients and waste

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31. The Cardiovascular System
•The Blood

B. Erythrocytes - Red Blood
Cells

–Carry hemoglobin and
oxygen. Do not have a
nucleus and live only about
120 days.

–Can not repair themselves.
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32. The Cardiovascular System
•The Blood

C. Leukocytes – White Blood
cells

–Fight infection and are formed in
the bone marrow

–Five types – neutrophils,
lymphocytes, eosinophils,
basophils, and monocytes.
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33. The Cardiovascular System
The Blood

•D. Thrombocytes – Platelets.

–These are cell fragment that are
formed in the bone marrow from
magakaryocytes.

–Clot Blood by sticking together
– via protein fibers called fibrin.
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34. What makes up our blood?
•RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.
•WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the
immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
•PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
•PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

35. Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of
their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.

36. Genetics of Blood Types
•Your blood type is established before you are BORN,
by specific GENES inherited from your parents.

•You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one
from your FATHER.

•These genes determine your blood type by causing
proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the
surface of all of your red blood cells.

37. What are blood types?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
There are 3 alleles or genes for blood
type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes,
there are 6 possible combinations.
Blood Types
AA or AO = Type A
BB or BO = Type B
OO = Type O
AB = Type AB

38. How common is your blood type?
46.1%
38.8%
11.1%
3.9%

39. Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace
blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s
body can't make blood properly because of an illness.

Who can give you blood?

People with TYPE O blood are called
Universal Donors, because they can give
blood to any blood type.

People with TYPE AB blood are called
Universal Recipients, because they can
receive any blood type.

Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive -
Universal Donor
Universal Recipient

40. Blood Transfusions
Compatible Blood Types

Kidney donors must have a compatible blood type with the recipient. In living
donation, the following blood types are compatible:
Donors with blood type A... can donate to recipients with blood types A and AB
Donors with blood type B... can donate to recipients with blood types B and AB
Donors with blood type AB... can donate to recipients with blood type AB only
Donors with blood type O... can donate to recipients with blood types A, B, AB and
O (O is the universal donor: donors with O blood are compatible with any other
blood type)

So,

Recipients with blood type O... can receive a kidney from blood type O only
Recipients with blood type A... can receive a kidney from blood types A and O
Recipients with blood type B... can receive a kidney from blood types B and O
Recipients with blood type AB... can receive a kidney from blood types A, B, AB
and O (AB is the universal recipient: recipients with AB blood are compatible with
any other blood type)

41. Rh Factors
•Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys
to learn more about the human anatomy
because there are certain similarities between
the two species. While studying Rhesus
monkeys, a certain blood protein was
discovered. This protein is also present in the
blood of some people. Other people, however,
do not have the protein.
•The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is
referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
•If your blood does contain the protein, your
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your
blood does not contain the protein, your blood
is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).

A+ A-
B+ B-
AB+ AB-
O+ O-

42. Disorders of the Circulatory System
•Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count

•Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anemia

•Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in
thrombocytes

•Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve problems

•Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with
plaque, also called myocardial infarction

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43. Blood Flow Through Heart
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44. Blood Flow Through Heart
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45. Systemic and Pulmonary
Circulation
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