CIV369UNIT 3 urban town develpment in world

urban town develpment in world

1. CIV369: URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT UNIT 3 BY: HARKAMAL SINGH 18266

2. Stages of Preparation and Method of Execution of Development Plan It includes Planning department of the local government, Specialized planning organization, A consultant and State town planning department. General methods normally followed for the preparation are:  Collection of data and relevant information from civic survey and other sources  Preparation of a tentative draft of the development plan and notifying the same for comments, suggestions and discussions from experts and the public  Considerations of views received from experts and the public with sympathy and without any prejudice  Preparation of the revised development plan accommodating the good aspects of comments received from experts and the public. Determination of the sequence in which the development plan will be implemented.

3. Method of Execution The execution of the development plan is carried out by the Municipal or Corporation authorities. The first thing to be determined is the layout of the road system. It requires a functional approach to the more important sociological aspects of the town, Lastly a financial program is prepared to devise the ways and means for the implementation of the Development Plan according to the schedule. For execution a team of experts in Engineering, Architecture, Public health, Sociology, Economics, Finance etc. headed by a Town Planner is required.  The plan making and plan implementation are inseparable. The interim development plan also called the Outline Development Plan is thus prepared by the planning authority. The statutory time limit is two years. It shall then be notified for the public comments and suggestions (Time one month). The Draft plan may be revised in the light of the public and expert comments and shall be submitted for Government's sanction.

4. Co-operation The success of a plan depends on the active participation and cooperation of the people. A wide range of voluntary organizations and institutions such as youth clubs, colony associations, chambers of commerce, women councils and professional bodies may be involved in the planning process. The mass media such as newspapers, journals, radio, television and cinema can be effective in educating the public on civic problems and planning. Well-presented monographs, booklets, handouts, pamphlets, manuals, guides etc. go a long way in stimulating civic interest in planning. 

5. Impact of building regulations on Indian hill towns

6. Classification of Urban Roads Expressways Arterial streets Sub-arterial streets Collector’s Streets Local streets

7. Expressways For speedy and heavy traffic Pedestrians not allowed Connect main markets, important places Complete separation of opposite moving traffic by a divider or median Level crossings, sharp curve, steep gradients avoided Important utilities required Servicing Telephone refreshments

8. Arterial streets For heavy traffic inside the city Usually along the expressways serving as network of traffic flow Join CBD with outside residential areas Parking, loading , unloading prohibited Pedestrians are allowed to cross only at intersections

9. Sub-Arterial streets Less traffic Pedestrians are allowed to cross only at intersections Parking, loading , unloading usually restricted and controlled

10. Collector’s Streets Meant for collecting the traffic from local streets to arterial streets Full access allowed from the properties alongside Situated in residential , commercial and industrial areas Few parking restrictions except for peak hours

11. Local streets Open access from residents, business or other properties Does not carry large volume of traffic Unrestricted parking and pedestrians allowed

12. Ring road in Hyderabad

13. Ring roads? Why ring roads are provided? How it is different and beneficial from other types of roads?

14. Development plan for Hilly Areas The following are problems of Hill Areas: Environment problems due to: Deforestation; High population, shifting cultivation,  and commercial exploitation Deforestation and over animal grazing leads to soil erosion These two lead to the drying up of soil moisture and water sources Flood in low lying areas Declining soil productivity leads to declining food and cash crop production; leads to hunger and malnutrition Natural Hazard such as landslides, earthquakes, floods, etc. Shortage of traditional land due to mining, Dam building, population growth, industry, and agriculture Lack of basic infrastructure

15. What to be considered while selecting the location for Town development in Hilly areas? Consider the Site selection Site selection is one of the prime challenges while constructing in hilly areas. Some of the things that you need to keep in mind include whether or not the location is landslide vulnerable or located on a slope or on a sequence of rock structures or have existing subsurface water with existing streams. Each of these situations requires special care if constructing here. According to Prof BS Kotlia , Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, “Areas that receive extremely heavy, non-stop and concentrated rains (100 mm to 120 mm in one hour) called cloudburst or are situated in the basal part of a high hill where soil is loose, hard rocks are missing and have steep hills in surroundings should be avoided as these are more vulnerable to accidents.” Investigate past site history Material to be used

16. What to be considered while selecting the location for Town development in Hilly areas? Investigate past site history It is important to know whether the site has had any history regarding slope failures causing human injuries or casualties. Also, study the construction pattern in nearby areas to know how sustainability is practiced there. A buyer should know that the buildings located on cut slopes suffer more damages as the slopes may have been excavated without any consideration for stability. “No residential buildings may be constructed on steeper slopes more than 25 degrees,” Material to be used Concrete Steel Wood Stones etc

17. What to be considered while selecting the location for Town development in Hilly areas? Consider the Site selection Investigate past site history Material to be used Precautions for home users Ensure that the technical investigation is done prior to earthworks. You can also request hazard zonation maps from the municipality. Suggest split levels designing on hill slopes to minimise erosion and earth slip. Natural vegetation acts as a resistor at the time of hazard, hence should be retained during site clearing. Cuts and fills should be reduced to minimum depths. Foundation should be very strong while the building over the ground level should be light. Prefer usage of light steel structures or a hybrid structure (RCC + steel). In such cases, installation of a tin roof and a light wood ceiling may be preferred. Check if the area has been already hit by cloudbursts or any related disasters. Owners should always look out for emerging new cracks, abnormal bulges in the ground and pathway pavements, soil moving away from slopes and building foundations, tilting of terraces, increase in cracks on solid floors

18. Type of foundation in Hilly areas Benching or Stepped Foundation This type of foundation is provided on hilly places or in those situations where the ground is sloppy . In this foundations the excavation trenches are made in the form of steps. All the steps should be preferable of equal length and depth

19. Objectives of Hill Areas Development Programme (HADP): Eco-restoration Eco-development Eco-preservation Socio-Economic development of people and integration with development Ensure people's participation in all development activities

20. A detailed plan was drawn in keeping view of: Topographical Ecological Social Economical conditions Some hilly areas programs included the development of horticulture, plantation, agriculture, animal husbandry, poultry, forestry, small scale, and village industry based on the forest product. Afforestation by Village level Panchayat. Identification of suitable agro -climatic zone. Development of non-conventional energy sources Rubber Plantation was very successful Tourism sector development Mining with adequate safeguards

21. What needs to be done? Our infrastructure is not resilient to overcome the problems of natural disasters such as floods( Kedarnath flood), landslides, and earthquakes. Scientific Slopes analysis needs to be done before any infrastructure development or even in agricultural activities. Local knowledge along with engineering needs to be applied in the hilly area's program. Needs to study the long terms of impact of development activities in Hilly Areas. Need capacity enhancement at individual, society, and institution levels to overcome these problems in hilly areas. More employment generation activities are needed to overcome selective male migration.