CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY (C A PERRY)

CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY, Clarence Arthur Perry (1872 – September 6, 1944) was an American urban planner. WHAT IS A NEIGHBOURHOOD?ORIGIN OF NEIGHBOURHOODWHAT WAS THE NEED OF PLANNING A NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT?

1. CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING SUBMITTED BY: SHRIYANSHI CHOUDHARY LEWANISA PYRBOT

2. CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY Clarence Arthur Perry  (1872 – September 6, 1944) was an American  urban planner . Perry devised the neighbourhood unit plan, a residential community scheme disseminated through the Regional Plan of New York and It Environs in 1929 that influenced planning in US cities. He was born in Truxton, New York. He later worked in the New York City planning department where he became a strong advocate of the  neighborhood unit . He was an early promoter of neighborhood community and recreation centers. In 1909 he became associated with the  Russell Sage Foundation as associate director of recreation until 1937.

3. WHAT IS A NEIGHBOURHOOD? The term neighborhood is often used to describe the sub-divisions of urban or rural settlements. In its purest definition, a neighborhood is the vicinity in which people live.

4. ORIGIN OF NEIGHBOURHOOD

5. WHAT WAS THE NEED OF PLANNING A NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT? A planning concept evolved in response to the degenerated environmental and social conditions fostered as a consequence of industrial revolution in the early 1900s. One of the earliest authors to attempt a definition of the ‘neighborhood unit’ in fairly specific terms was Clarence Arthur Perry Degenerated living conditions in industrial revolution

6. PERRY’S IDEA OF NEIGHBOURHOOD PURPOSE OF PERRY’S NEIGHBOURHOOD Perry’s neighborhood unit concept began as a means of insulating the community from the ill-effects of burgeoning sea of vehicular traffic. However, it evolved to serve a much broader purpose of providing a discernible identity for the concept of the neighborhood, and of offering to designers a framework for disseminating the city into smaller subareas.

7. PERRY’S CONCEPT Perry described the neighborhood unit as that populated area which would require and support an elementary school with an enrolment of between 1,000and 1,200 pupils. This would mean a population of between 5,000 and 6,000 people. Developed as a low density dwelling district with a population of 10 families per acre, the neighborhood unit would occupy about 160 acres and have a shape which would render it unnecessary for any child to walk a distance of more than 400 mtr to school.

8. How the neighbourhood concept works 1 neighbourhood standing alone = VILLAGE Several neighbourhood positioned together = TOWN More neighbourhoods together = CITY The aim of a neighbourhood unit is to make people form a community, to ensure safety and promote better living conditions.

9. RADBURN BY C A PERRY

10. WHAT IS RADBURN? Radburn is an unincorporated community located within Fair Lawn in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Radburn was founded in 1929 as "a town for the motor age". Its planners, Clarence Stein aimed to incorporate modern planning principles, which were then being introduced into England's Garden Cities. Perry's neighbourhood unit concept was well-formulated by the time Radburn was planned.

11. ZONING OF RADBURN

12. DESIGN OF RADBURN Major arterials routes should not pass through residential neighborhoods. Instead these streets should provide boundaries of the neighborhood; Interior street patterns should be designed and constructed through use of cul-de-sacs so as to encourage a quiet, safe and low volume traffic movement and preservation of the residential atmosphere. The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally located, along with other institutions that have service areas coincident with the neighborhood boundaries The radius of the neighborhood should be a maximum of 400 mtr thus eliminating a long walk for any elementary school child; and Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of neighborhoods preferably at major street intersections.

13. COMPONENTS OF RADBURN ENCLAVE-GROUP OF 20 HOUSES BLOCK-3-4 ENCLAVES(USUALLY 4 IN NUMBER), ARRANGED AROUND GREEN OR OPEN SPACES SUPERBLOCK-5 BLOCKS WITH CENTRAL PARKWAY NEIGHBOURHOOD- 4 TO 6 SUPERBLOCKS BOUNDED BY MAJOR ROADS,CAN HAVE SMALL SCHOOLS OR COMMUNITY HALL

14. COMPONENTS OF RADBURN

15. BUILDING TYPOLOGY

16. Centre Community Spaces The central zone of the unit has community spaces. The schools are especially placed here so that a child never walks to the school more than, ¼ mile or 0.4kms for elementary school ½ mile or 0.8kms for middle school 2 miles or 3 kms for high school All should be achieved without passing the arterial road. Centre community space

17. Internal and Arterial Streets The arterial roads are placed at the edges in order to design and promote pedestrian movement in the neighbourhood. The internal streets are designed in such a way that it circulates throughout the unit and no other activities can happen there except for the movement of pedestrians. Internal streets are also designed for the safety of children. Arterial roads Internal streets

18. Local Shopping Areas The commercial areas are placed at the perimeter of the neighbourhood unit to restrict the inter traffic. This is also done to prevent creating unfriendly and unsafe neighbourhood by intruding vehicular movement. Commercial areas

19. Open and Park Spaces Atleast 10% of the neighbourhood area should be alloted for open and park areas. The open spaces also include children’s playgrounds. These open spaces helps in creating sufficient places for interaction and increase community socialization. Open and park spaces

20. CUL-DE-SACS The cul-de-sac or the dead-end street came into use to eliminate through traffic in a positive manner. Cul-de-sac terminate in a circular pattern to retain their advantages, the maximum length of 450 feet is recommended. Long cul-de-sac, induced longer traffic speed and make access to service line and fire protection difficult.

21. PATHWAYS

22. LAYOUT OF HOUSING UNITS The houses were placed in reverse order of conventional placement on the lot. Kitchens and garages faced the roads, living rooms and bedrooms turned towards the gardens. Pathways provided uninterrupted pedestrian access to continuous park strip, which led to large open spaces within the center of a superblock.

23. BLOCK UNIT Width of the road=6m Width of footway=2m Distance of the porch from the footway=18m Distance between two footways=20m

24. FACILITIES AT RADBURN The 2900 residents of Radburn share 23 acres of interior parks, which yield 345 square feet per person. These parks provide small districts for the city. The plaza building is Radburn’s only neighbourhood shopping centre, and its tall clock tower has been a neighbourhood landmark since 1927. Radburn works as a garden city and a great example of a well designed community because every piece is integrated perfectly into one body.

25. IMPACT OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONCEPT ACROSS THE GLOBE The principles identified by Perry were endorsed by most planning and design organizations in planning and designing neighborhoods. The neighborhood unit has formed the basis of planning and building of most of the first generation British New Towns (1946-1950). Perry’s principles have been the building blocks of many neighborhoods such as Radburn, New Jersey; Greenbelt, Maryland; Greenhills , Ohio etc.

26. CITIES ON RADBURN’S CONCEPT Figure shows Aerial photograph of Portland, Oregon, showing its pedestrian-permeable network of relatively low-speed arterials at a maximum quarter-mile (400 m) spacing, which continues at grade across the river as well as much of the central freeway system.

27. OREGON, PORTLAND Image shows the neighbourhood of Oregon,Portland based on Radburn’s design; main roads cul de sacs school ( center ) commercial spaces service roads

28. THANK YOU