CLASS 12 NCERT human settlement finakl.pptx

class 12 geography book 2 India people and economy

1. Settlements refers to the process of grouping of people & acquiring of some territory to build houses & also for their economic support. HUMAN SETTLEMENT: -- A human settlement is defined as a place inhabited more or less permanently. It includes buildings in which they live or use and the paths and streets over which they travel. It also includes the temporary camps of the hunters and herders. It may consists of only a few dwelling units called hamlets or big cluster of buildings called urban cities. House is the smallest unit of settlement.

2.  Settlements vary in size and type. They range from a hamlet to metropolitan cities. With size, the economic character and social structure of settlements changes and so do its ecology and technology. Settlements could be small and sparsely spaced; they may also be large and closely spaced.  On the basis of economic activities, settlements are categorized into rural and urban settlements.  The rural settlements derive their life support or basic economic needs from land-based primary economic activities whereas urban settlements depend on processing of raw materials and manufacturing of finished goods on the one hand and a variety of services on the other.

3. CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS Compact or closely built up areas of houses General living area is distinct and separated from t he surrounding farm bands and pastures Present some recognizable pattern or geometric shape such as rectangular radial linear ETC Found in fertile alluvial plains in northeastern states, bundelkhand (central India), Nagaland, Rajasthan Reason :-security or defense

4. SEMI CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS Result from tendency of clustering in restricted area of dispersed settlement and from the fragmentation of a large compact village. In this dominant community occupy Central part whereas weaker section of the community settle on the outer flanks of the village. Example :- Gujarat plains and some parts of Rajasthan

5. HAMLETED SETTLEMENTS Sometime settlement is fragmented into several units physically separated from each other bearing a common name such as Panna, para,pally , Nagla,dhani etc. social and ethical factors are responsible for this. Found in middle and lower Ganga plains Chhattisgarh and lower valley of Himalaya

6. DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS Appears in the form of isolated huts or hamlets in remote Jungle or on small hills with farms or pasture on the slopes Cause:- fragmented nature of terrain and land resource base of habitable areas. Example: - Meghalaya Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh and Kerala.

7. Characteristics of census towns The census of India 1991 defines urban settlement as :- 1). All places which have municipality, corporation, cantonment, board or notified town area committee 2). A Minimum of population of 5000 persons. 3).At least 75 % of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. 4).A density of population of atleast 400 persons per sq.km.

8. Evolution of towns in India Flourished since prehistoric Times At times of Indus valley civilization towns like Harappa and mohenjodaro were in existence Further arrival of Europeans contributed in the evolution of Indian cities On the basis of of their evolution in different periods Indian towns may be classified as

9. Ancient towns Spanning over 2000 years Developed as religious and cultural centres Example Varanasi prayagraj ( Allahabad ), Patliputra (Patna ),Madurai

10. Urbanisation in India The level of urbanisation is measured in terms of percentage of urban population to total population. The level of urbanisation in India in 2011 was 31.16 per cent , which is quite low in comparison to developed countries. Total urban population has increased eleven-fold during the twentieth century. Enlargement of urban centres and emergence of new towns have played a significant role in the growth of urban population and urbanisation in the country.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS ON THE BASIS OF POPULATION SIZE Census of India classified as urban centres into 6 classes Metropolitan Cities :- A ccommodates population between 1 to 5 million Megacities :- P opulation more than 5 million Metropolitan + Mega Cities = urban agglomerations which consists of the following combination A town and its adjoining urban outworths. Two or more contiguous towns with or without their out worths. A city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together forming a contiguous spread . Greater Mumbai is the largest agglomeration with 18.4 million people . Delhi ,Kolkata ,Chennai, Bengaluru and Hyderabad are other megacities in the country

12. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS Apart from their role as central or nodal places, many towns and cities perform specialised services.Some towns and cities specialise in certain functions and they are known for some specific activities, products or services. However, each town performs a number of functions. On the basis of dominant or specialised functions, Indian cities and towns can be broadly classified as follow s: 1).Administrative towns and cities Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong , Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur, Chennai, etc. 2).Industrial towns Industries constitute prime motive force of these cities, such as Mumbai, Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar , Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai , etc. 3).Transport Cities They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities such as Kandla , Kochchi , Kozhikode, Vishakhapatnam, etc., or hubs of inland transport, such as Agra, Dhulia, Mughalsarai , Itarsi , Katni , etc. 4).Commercial towns Towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept in this class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc., are some examples.

13. 5).Mining towns :- These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj , Jharia , Digboi , Ankaleshwar , Singrauli , etc. 6). Garrisson Cantonment towns :- These towns emerged as garrisson towns such as Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow , Babina , Udhampur , etc. 7).Educational towns :- Starting as centres of education, some of the towns have grown into major campus towns, such as Roorki , Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani , Allahabad, etc. 8).Religious and cultural towns :- Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri , Ajmer, Pushkar, Tirupati, Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Ujjain came to prominence due to their religious/cultural significance. 9).Tourist towns :- Nainital, Mussoorie , Shimla, Pachmarhi , Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Udagamandalam ( Ooty ), Mount Abu are some of the tourist destinations. The cities are not static in their function. The functions change due to their dynamic nature. Even specialised cities, as they grow into metropolises become multifunctional wherein industry, business, administration, transport, etc., become important. The functions get so intertwined that the city can not be categorised in a particular functional class .

14.   Urban sprawl or real expansion of the cities, Overcrowding and haphazard development of urban areas Rising demands for basic services such as clean water, public transportation, sewage treatment and housing. The proliferation of slums due to policy, planning, and regulatory deficiencies. Problems with urbanization

15. 5). Huge quantities of garbage generated by the cities which are posing a serious health problem. 6).Environmental concerns pollution, groundwater pollution and persistent water crisis. 7).Rising urban poverty, inequality and unemployment. Urban Crimes such as human trafficking, sexual assault, child labour etc . Measures to check urban problem Smart Cities Mission AMRUT

16. 2025 Q12. Write any one process that involves in the growth of cities in India. 1 Q.16. Suggest one measure supposed to help the development of compact rural settlement in arid regions. 1 Q.17. Draw a diagram to represent double village pattern of rural settlement. 1 2024 Q.5 which of the following is “NOT” the charectaristics of census towns? 1 A).A minimum populations of 5000 persons. B).At least 75 % of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. C).A density of population of atleast 400 persons per sq.km. D).People live together and lead social life. Q.9). Which form of rural settlement develops along either side of roads? 1 Q. Define the term ” Human Settlement”. 1 2023 Q.8. In what ways metropolitan cities differ from mega cities in general. 1 Q.14.Draw a diagram to show cross shape pattern of rural settlement. 1 Q.17. Point out the distinguishing features between site and situation of the human settlement in their nature. 2 Q.18. Explain the two factors that determine the types of rural settlement pattern in India. 2

17. Objective :- To promote cities that provide core infrastructure a clean and sustainable environment and give a decent quality of life to its citizens   Features :- Efficiency to apply smart solutions, reduce disaster vulnerability, better utilisation of resources, affordable services, sustainable and inclusive development. To apply smart solutions to infrastructure and services in order to make them better. For example, making areas less vulnerable to disasters, using fewer resources and providing cheaper services. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model, which will act like a lighthouse to other aspiring cities. Smart City Mission