Class 8 Agriculture updated.pptx

class 8 ncert geo agriculture

1. CHAPTER-4:AGRICULTURE (GEO) CLASS VIII Mahvish

2. Topics to be covered: What is agriculture? Factors influencing agriculture Type of farming Major crops Comparison between them Agriculture Development A Farm in India A Farm in USA

3. CLASS -1 What is agriculture? Factors influencing agriculture

4. What is Agriculture? The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. The transformation from a plant to a finished product involving three types of economic activities- primary, secondary and tertiary activities AGRICULTURE= ager/ agri + culture Ager- soil culture- cultivation

5. PRIMARY SECTOR SECONDARY SECTOR TERTIARY SECTOR Connected with extraction and production of natural resources Concerned with the processing of the natural resources Provide support to the Primary and Secondary sectors through services. Agriculture , fishing, mining, lumbering etc Manufacturing of steel, weaving of cloth etc Transport, trade, banking, insurance and advertising. The transformation from a plant to a finished product involving three types of economic activities- primary, secondary and tertiary activities. ― Irene M. Pepperberg

6. India is an agriculturally significant country. Nearly 50% of the people in world are engaged in agriculture. Two-thirds of the population is engaged in agricultural activities- India has a rural economy. Agriculture produces most of the food we consume along with raw materials for various industries and some of the products are exported as well.

7. Agriculture The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. It is also called farming. Sericulture Commercial rearing of silk worms. It may supplement the income of the farmer. Pisciculture Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds. Viticulture Cultivation of grapes. Horticulture Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use. Some forms of Agriculture

8. The farm system of an arable farm Inputs Processes Outputs Machinery Seeds Crops Chemicals Ploughing Sowing Spraying

9. Physical and human farm inputs Physical Inputs Sunshine Rainfall Temperature Soil Slope Rainfall

10. FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE Relief: Flat land like plains, valleys and flat top of plateaus and deltas are best suited for agriculture than the mountains. Hilly areas are more suited for cattle rearing and for crops that need well drained soils Other factors : Availability of irrigation facilities, size of land holdings, transport facilities etc affect agriculture as well. Climate: Temperature & rainfall of a place are most important factors. Certain crops need hot and wet climate to grow , for ex., Rice; while others grow in drier cooler climates like Wheat. Soil: Kind of soil affects the growth of type of crops. Clayey Soil: retain water, suitable for growing crops like rice & cotton. Fertile Alluvial Soil: ideal for agriculture and supports more kinds of crops; River banks are heavily cultivated. Sandy Soil: allow water to seep through rapidly; more suited for groundnuts and millets. Agricultural development depends on different factors such as:

11. 03 Q. Define the term Agriculture. QUESTIONS FOR THE DAY Q. Differentiate between activities- primary, secondary and tertiary activities. Q. What are physical and human farm inputs? Q. Write in brief the factors influencing agriculture. 01 02 04

12. CLASS -2 Types of Farming Major Crops

13. TYPES OF FARMING SUBSISTENCE FARMING COMMERCIAL FARM ING INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE SHIFTING CULTIVATION NOMADIC HERDING COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING MIXED FARMING PLANTATION AGRICULTURE PRIMITIVE SUBSIS7TENCE

14. TYPES OF FARMING Agriculture is an age-old economic activity in our country. Over these years, cultivation methods have changed significantly depending upon the characteristics of physical environment, technological know-how and socio-cultural practices. Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type. At present, in different parts of India, the following farming systems are practised . Points to remember :

15. A. SUBSISTENCE FARMING Practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family. Nothing is left for sale. Traditionally, low levels of technology and household labour are used III. Very small output It can be further classified into: A.1 INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING A.2 PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING Shifting Cultivation Nomadic Herding

16. A.1 INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING Small plot of land, simple tools and more labour Practise intensive methods of cultivation, like using manure and artificial irrigation and better quality seeds to get maximum yield from the land. Longer days of sunshine and fertile soils - more than one crop annually on the same plot Crops- Rice, wheat, maize, pulses and Oilseeds Prevalent in thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast and east Asia. Absence of alternate source of livelihood Huge pressure on agricultural land

17. A.2 PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING Practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family on a small patch of land Traditionally, low levels of technology and large amount of household labour are used Farming depends on : monsoon, natural fertility of soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops Very small output PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE EXAMPLE - Slash and Burn Agriculture

18. Shifting cultivation is also known as Slash-and-burn cultivation. It is a type of farming activity which involves clearing of a land plot by cutting down trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops are grown. After the land has lost its fertility, it is abandoned Shifting Cultivation is known by different names in different places: JHUMMING - North-East India MILPA : Mexico ROCA : Brazil LADANG : Indonesia CONUCO : Venezuela RAY : Vietnam A . Slash and Burn Agriculture/Shifting cultivation

19. A . Slash and Burn Agriculture/Shifting cultivation Practised in the North-east India mainly. The Process : Advantage : This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. d) Disadvantage : Land productivity is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or any other modern input s. Crops grown : Potato, cassava

20. a) Practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India – Rajasthan, Kashmir b) The Process: Herdsmen move from one place to another with the animals for fodder and water The movement is along defined routes and in response to climatic constraints and terrain c) Animals reared: sheep, camel, yak and goats. They also provide milk, meat, wool, hides and other products to the herders MAP SHOWING AREAS OF NOMADIC HERDING WORLDWIDE A . NOMADIC HERDING

21. MAP SHOWING AREAS OF NOMADIC HERDING WORLDWIDE Showcase places 100% Editable You can use maps to show your offices or markets. Or as charts, highlighting the countries and adding your data. You can double click on the desired country and change fill color.

22. Cr ops RICE : a. commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana b . Subsistence crop in Odisha Crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market Use of higher doses of modern inputs: Degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from place to place A rea NOTE: Area and amount of Capital is huge , most of the work is done by machines Plantation is one of its types. HYV seeds Chemical fertilisers Insecticides and pesticides B. COMMERCIAL/ EXTENSIVE FARMING

23. B. COMMERCIAL/ EXTENSIVE FARMING Crops are grown for commercial purpose Mainly grown in temperate grasslands of N. America, Europe and Asia, Australia and S. America. These are sparsely populated areas with large farms spreading over hundreds of hectares Severe winters restrict the growing season and only single crop can be grown. MAP SHOWING AREAS OF COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING WORLDWIDE

24. MAP SHOWING AREAS OF COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING WORLDWIDE

25. MIXED FARMING Rearing Livestock Example Ranching Land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock. It is practised in Europe, eastern USA Argentina, southeast Australia, and South Africa. Animals are raised for meat or wool on privately owned land, along with the use of some public land. The practice is common in Australia, western USA and Tibet. In India, ranching is prevalent in the hilly regions that are rich in pastures.

26. MAP SHOWING AREAS OF MIXED FARMING WORLDWIDE

27. PLANTATIONS Interface of agriculture and industry Large amount of labour (migrant) and capital are invested. Well developed network and connectivity is thus essential. Produce is used as raw material in respective industries Single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, jute and cotton are grown over a large area

28. MAP SHOWING AREAS OF PLANTATION AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE

29. DAIRY FARMING The rearing of cattle on a large scale on the outskirts of cities to meet the demand for milk and animal products is called dairy farming. Scientific methods of farming are employed and heavy capital investments are employed. Dairy farming is mainly practised in Australia, New Zealand, Denmark and the Netherlands in Europe and North America. In India, a white revolution was started with the setting up of cooperative societies for dairy farmers. It started with Amul in Gujarat and soon spread to the other states of India.

30. MAP SHOWING AREAS OF DAIRY FARMING WORLDWIDE

31. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Shifting Cultivation? Differentiate between Primary and Tertiary sectors. Explain Farm System. What are the different types of Farming? QUESTIONS FOR THE DAY

32. CLASS -3 Agriculture as a system Comparison between them Major Crops Agriculture Development A Farm in India A Farm in USA

33. MAJOR CROPS IN INDIA

34. (a) Rice: • Rice is the major food crop of the world. It is the staple diet of the tropical and sub-tropical regions. • Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water. • Leading producers of rice in the world: - China, India, Japan, Sri Lanka, etc. (b) Wheat: • It requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest. • It requires well drained loamy soil for its growth. • Wheat is grown extensively in USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia and India.

35. (c) Maize: • Maize is used as both food and fodder crop. It is also known as "Corn". • Requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of sunshine and also, needs well-drained fertile soils. • Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada and India. (d) Cotton: • Cotton is a fiber crop grown in tropical areas. Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth. • It grows best on black soil and requires at least 6 to 8 months. • China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers of cotton. It is one of the main raw materials for the cotton textile industry.

36. (e) Tea: • Tea is a beverage crop. • Tea plants grow well in tropical and sub-tropical climate. It requires warm and moist free climate and well distributed frequent showers throughout the year. It needs deep, fertile, well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes, rich in humus and organic matter. • Cheap and skilled labour is required in large number to pick the leaves. Tea is processed within the tea gardens to restore its freshness. • India, Kenya, China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world. • India is the leading producer and exporter of tea. Assam, Darjeeling, West Bengal and Tripura are leading producers of tea in India. (f) Coffee: • Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop. • It requires warm & wet climate and well drained loamy soil. • Brazil is the leading producer followed by Columbia and India. • In India coffee is cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

37. Agriculture Development A farm in India A farm in USA

38. Note:  In terms of agricultural production, India is ranked at number four. China is the largest producer of agricultural products. China is the largest producer of rice in the world. It has only 5.4 lakhs square kilometers of irrigated land, whereas India has 9.6 lakhs square kilometers of irrigated land. India is the biggest producer of milk and milk products in the world. INDIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1) India is a developing country that is agriculture-based. It provides employment to 60% of the total population of the country. 1) The USA is a developed nation that is not agriculture-based and only 2% of its entire population is employed in agriculture. 2) In India the average farm holdings are small in size, i.e. 2 to 3 hectares. 2) In the United States, the farm holdings are of huge sizes, i.e. 250 hectares. 3) Majority of the farmers in India are either uneducated or have very basic school knowledge from the village schools. 3) The farmers in the USA are well educated and keep themselves up to date with the latest developments and technologies in the field. 4) Indian farmers use man labour extensively with traditional methods and equipment like ploughs (still drawn by an ox). 4) In the United States, heavy machinery and advanced technologies are used in the fields to maximize their production. 5) The farming in India is heavily dependent on the weather conditions and considering that the farmers only produce 2 to 3 crops in a year. 5)The farmers in the USA use scientific methods to study the soil, its contents, improve its quality, and use a variety of methods to irrigate their fields. This increases their productivity to multiple crops a year. 6) Farmers in India get very little returns for the work that they put into the field. 6)The US farmers get way bigger returns. Agriculture Development

39. List down all points of differences between agriculture in India and USA. What is Agricultural Development? How can it be achieved? Why are millets hardy crops? What are the requirements of Maize and what is it used for? Which countries are the largest & second largest producers of wheat? With respect to the main food crop in the India, answer the following: Its requirements Areas of Cultivation QUESTIONS FOR THE DAY

40. AND THE BIGGER THE BETTER.