Class Osteichthyes

1. Presented by : Hina Amir Class Osteichthyes (Bony fishes)

2. Introduction History Classification Distribution General Characters Morphology Anatomy Contents

3. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Osteichthyes OSTEICHTHYES osteon - "a bone" ichthys - "a fish" Skeleton made of bone

4. Devonian sarcopterygians lungfishes coelacanths (living fossils) ' rhipidistians ', a paraphyletic ('incomplete') lie on the line of ancestry to the tetrapods . Early actinopterygians , heavy bony scales over the whole body and large bony plates over the head region. HISTORY Silurian ……. Fossils Mid-Devonian Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)   Sarcopterygii   (lobe-finned fishes).

5. Classification 45 orders and 435 families of bony fishes. Sarcopterygii Crossopterygii (coelacanth) Ceratodiformes ( Australianlungfish )   Lepidosireniformes (S. American lungfish) Actinopterygii Polypteriformes ( bichir,redfish ) Acipensiformes ( paddlefish,sturgeon ) Amiiformes ( bowfin,garpike )   Elopiformes (tarpon, tenpounder ) .

6. Classification Anguilliformes (eel) Notacanthiformes ( spinyeel ) Clupeiformes ( herring,anchovy ) Osteoglossiformes (arapaima)   Mormyriformes (elephant-trunk fish) Salmoniformes ( salmon,trout ) Gonorhynchiformes (milkfish) Cypriniformes ( carp,barbs,loach ) Siluriformes (catfish) Myctophiformes ( lanternfish,Bombayduck ) .

7. Classification Percopsiformes ( pirateperch ) Batrachoidiformes (toadfish) Gobiesociformes ( clingfish,dragonets )   Lophiiformes (anglerfish)   Gadiformes ( cod,pollack ) Atheriniformes ( flyingfish )   Lampridiformes ( opah,ribbonfish )     Gasterosteiformes ( seahorse,stickleback )   Channiformes ( snakeshead )    .

8. Distribution They are found in tropical, temperate, and polar seas. In fresh water, seawater, and brackish environments. Approximately 58% of all species of bony fishes live in marine environments. Freshwater fishes make up approximately 42% of fish species ( Wootton , 1990) . .

9. General Characters Habitat The desert pupfis h ( Cyprinodon macularius ) lives in small hot springs of California. It can tolerate temperatures greater than 52 C (126F) ( Nikolsky , 1978). The arctic cod ( Boreogadus saida ) can survive temperatures as low as -2 C (28F ) ( Nikolsky , 1978). Misgumus fossilis , a type of loach, can survive in as little as 0.5 mg/l of dissolved oxygen.

10. Smallest dwarf pygmy goby ( Pandaka pygmaea ), a freshwater fish of the Philippines 8 mm (0.3 in.) at maturity (Bond, 1979). Largest common mola ( Mola mola ), large mola can reach 3.7 m (1 3 ft.) and 1,500 kg (3,307 lb.) (Miller, 1972) sIZE

11. Feeding Most bony fish are carnivores Well developed teeth used for capture and holding Roof of mouth, gill rakers , and pharynx may have teeth to help hold

12. Feeding Grazers – fish that feed primarily on seaweeds and other plants Some develop beaks to help scrape off algae or pieces of coral

13. Mouth & Jaws Mouth of most bony fish is terminal or anterior Overall jaw movement is more than that of sharks with teeth that are fused to jaw

14. Fins and Scales Swim Bladder – a gas-filled sac above the stomach allows for adjustments in buoyancy

15. Bony fish have a bony opeculum Cartilaginous fish have gill slits

16. Class Osteichthyes Swim Bladder – a gas-filled sac above the stomach allows for adjustments in buoyancy Upper and lower lobes of Caudal Fin almost always the same size

17. Internal Anatomy

18. Digestive System Digestive System: stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver, pyloric caecae Pyloric caecae – slender tubes that secrete digestive enzymes

19. Circulatory System Two chambered heart Gas exchange occurs in the gills

20. Gill Functioning Gills share a common gill chamber Mouth opens, operculum closes, and pharynx expands to allow in water and the opposite. A lungfish swallows air to fill up an air sac or "lung." This lung is surrounded by veins that bring blood to be oxygenated

21. Nervous System Brain & spinal cord

22. Vision Better eyes than chondrichthyes Fish eyes focus by moving closer or farther away from subject Many have color vision

23. Hearing Presence of inner ears Located on either side of the head just behind the brain Can resonate/amplify sound through swim bladder

24. Lateral line

25. Behaviors Schools no leaders Advantageous in feeding Anadromous fish – live mostly at sea and migrate to freshwater to breed (salmon) Catadromous fish – breed a sea and live in rivers (eels)

26. Reproductive behavior Reproduction is generally cyclic in bony fishes. The duration of cycles may be as short as four weeks or as long as many years. Pacific salmon (family Salmonidae ) reproduce only once during their five-year lifespan, then die soon after.

27. Sarcopterygii Name means “fleshy finned fishes” First appeared 385 million years ago Ancestors of land vertebrates! Internal nostrils and cosmoid scales

28. Subclass Dipnoi “Lungfish” Jaw fused to brain case Caudal, dorsal, and anal fin connected Pectoral fins long and tubular Air breathing organ attached to esophagus

29. Crossopterygii (coelacanth) “Coelacanths” Cosmoid scale Two dorsal fins and fleshy paired fins with skeletal elements Thought to be extinct till found Sometimes grouped with lungfish in Subclass Sarcopterygii

30. Subclass Actinopterygii Ray-finned fishes Most familiar fish Have fin rays, swim bladders, and a symmetrically lobed caudal fin

31. Subclass Actinopterygii Superorder Teleostei Bass Goldfish Guppies Seahorses Sturgeons Tuna Etc. Superorder Holostean Garpikes Bowfins Superorder Chondrostei Freshwater Sturgeon Bichirs Paddlefish Reedfish

32. Superorder Telostei Most prolific class 96% of all fish 12 suborders Symmetrical caudal fin Spines on fins

33. Superorder Holostean Fin arrangements make for more efficient swimmers

34. Superorder Chondrostei Lack bone Sometimes classified with sharks Though more in common with the telosts

35. Osteoglossmorpha Order Osteoglossiformes Order Hiodontiformes

36. Elopomorpha Order Elopiformes Order Albuliformes Order Notacanthiformes Order Anguilliformes Order Saccopharyngiformes

37. Clupeomorpha Order Clupeiformes Protacanthopterygii Order Salmoniformes Order Escociformes Order Osmeriformes

38. Ostariophysi OrderGonorynchiformes Order Cypriniformes Order Characiformes Order Gymnotiformes Order Silurioformes

39. Stenopterygii Order Ateleopodiformes Order Stomiiformes Cyclosquamata Order Aulopiformes

40. Scopelomorpha Order Myctophiformes Lampridiomorpha Order Lampriformes Polymyxiomorpha Order Polymixiiformes

41. Paracanthopterygii Order Percopsiformes Order Batrachoidiformes Order Lophiiformes Order Gadiformes Order Ophidiiformes

42. Acanthopterygii Order Mugiliformes Order Atheriniformes Order Beloniformes Order Cetomimiformes Order Cyprinodontiformes Order Stephanoberyciformes Order Bericiformes Order Zeiformes

43. Acanthopterygii Order Gobiescociformes Order Gasterosteiformes Order Syngnathiformes Order Synbranchiformes Order Tetraodontiformes Order Pleuronectiformes Order Scorpaeniformes Order Perciformes - 46% of fish

44. References: Gupta, S.K. and Gupta, P.C, " General and Applied Ichthyology ( Fish and Fishries ),. S. Chand and comapny private limited. 2010, pp: 138-167 Bond, C. E.  Biology of Fishes . Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1979. Burton, Maurice and Robert B.  Encyclopedia of Fish . 1984. St. Louis: BPC Publishing,.  Evans, David,.  The Physiology of Fishes . Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.  Fichter , George, S. and Edward, C. M.  The Fresh & Saltwater Fishes of the World . New York: Greenwich House, 1983.  Hauser, H.  Book of Marine Fishes . Glen Cove, New York: Pisces Books/Tetra Press, 1984.  Jordan, D., S.  The Genera of Fishes, and a Classification of Fishes.  Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983.  Moyle, P. B. and Joseph J. C .  Fishes. An Introduction to Ichthyology . Second edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988.  Nelson and Joseph S.  Fishes of the World . New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976.  Nikolsky , G.V.  The Ecology of Fishes . New Jersey: TF.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., 1978.  Ommanney , F. D.  The Fishes . New York: Time, Inc., 1984.  Thompson, P. T hompson's Guide to Freshwater Fishes.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985. Moyle, P. B. and J. J. Cech .. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. 5th ed. Benjamin Cummings. San Francisco, CA. 2003 Paxton, J. R. and W. N. Eschmeyer , eds.. Encyclopedia of Fishes. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. 1998 Pough , F. H., C. M. Janis, and J. B. Heiser . Vertebrate Life. 8th ed. Benjamin Cummings. New York. 2009.pp. 688