Class Reporting entitled Pragmatics-ppt.pptx

ppt Pragmatics

1. 2 aspects of linguistic meaning: REFERENCE- Actual entities in the world, or the truth value that a linguistic expression refers to. SENSE- Mental representation of meaning

2. The reference of a sentence is a truth value Truth Value Expression “ Philippines is situated in Asia.” True “ I’m wearing a white shirt False The sense of a sentence is a proposition

3. Proposition Anything that can be true of false in the world. It is related in various ways: It entails one another when, if the first one is true, the second one must also be true. “ Fluffy is a poodle.” “ Fluffy is a dog.” “ Fluffy is a poodle.” “ Fluffy is a domesticated canine dog.”

4. Its incompatible they cannot both be true simultaneously in the world. “ No dogs bark.” “ Sally’s dog barks.” Words that rely on context to determine its reference. Pronouns There, here, now, then,… Yes, No

5. 1. Linguistic Context is the words that were uttered before an utterance. The interpretation of Yes depends on linguistic context. Would you like Guavas? Yes Is there a printer in the office? Yes Are you in hurry? No 2. Situational Context is the situation in which something is said. It smells. The governor was on TV last night. It’s a cool room.

6. 3. Social Context is the social relationship between people who are speaking. Can you turn of the light? Will you open the door?

7. is the study of how people use language in context. Why do we use language? Conveying useful information about the world. Expressing intended action Making requests Coordinating tasks …

8. Implicitly making assumptions about the speaker’s intent of the way that the speaker is using the language. Cooperative Principle is the assumption that your conversational partner is trying to contribute cooperatively to the purpose of the conversation. Alice: Is Jamie dating anyone these days? Bob: I think she’s dating someone in Kidapawan. Alice: Is Jamie dating anyone these days? Bob: Well, she goes to Kidapawan every weekend.

9. Entailment – A relationship between propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if p is true, q has to be true as well. For any two sentences X and Y, sentence X entails sentence Y if whenever X is true, Y must be true as well.1 In the example in (1), the X sentence entails the Y sentence. X: Ian eats a large breakfast every day. Y: Ian eats a large breakfast on Mondays.

10. An inference is a conclusion that a person is reasonably entitled to draw based on a set of circumstances If you walk outside and notice that the pavement is wet, you might infer that it had been raining, but you wouldn’t want to say that the pavement had implied anything. (There must be someone trying to communicate an idea in order to say that any implying has happened.)

11. Implicature (verb: Implicate) (7.3.2; 17.4.2) An idea that is communicated based on the way that language is used and on what speakers know about language use rather than on what is directly entailed Consider the following sample of discourse between two strangers at a bus stop: Speaker 1: I’d really like a cup of coffee. Speaker 2: There’s a place around the corner called Joe’s. Here’s a reasonable conclusion Y that we can draw from Speaker 2’s utterance of X: X: There’s a place around the corner called Joe’s. Y: Joe’s sells coffee. It is important to recognize that in (3), X does not entail Y: it is obviously possible for there to be a place around the corner called Joe’s that doesn’t sell coffee. Thus, the conclusion of Y is an inference: it is based on an implicature rather than an entailment.

12. Implicature to draw a conclusion about the intent of the utterance based on the cooperative principle. H.P Grice analyzes of the cooperative principle into four components. Maxim of Quality We assume that the speaker is telling the truth. Maxim of Relevance We assume that the speaker is saying something relevant to the conversational goals. Maxim of Quantity We assume that the speaker is giving an appropriate amount of information. Maxim of Manner We assume that the speaker is speaking as simply as possible.

13. Speakers do not say things they believe to be false. Speakers do not say things for which they lack adequate evidence. Diane: We need to make a cake for the picnic. Steve: I can make my family’s favorite cake. Speakers are talking about the same subject. Tom: I’d like a cup of coffee. Duane: There’s a place called Cup Sawi around the corner.

14. Speakers contribute as much information as is required. Speakers do not contribute more information than is required. Stella: What do you do for a living? Drake : I have a job. Stella: Where did you grow up? Drake : I grew up at lot 3 block 6 Sandawa Homes near the Catholic Church ,GPS Coordinates 42,3956 N,71.1776˚ W,   Speakers do not use words that are unnecessarily hard to understand. Avoid ambiguity, are brief, are orderly. Stella: What do you do for a living? Drake : What I do is I’m an instructor and the subject matter that I teach to students is the topic of the field of linguistic..

15. Intentionally violating Grice’s Maxim in an extreme and obvious way because we know the listener will consciously notice the violation and draw an implicature.

16. An action performed by using language Assertion Conveys Information Question Requests Information Request Elicits Action Promise Commits a speaker to an action Order Threat Demands Action Commits a speaker to an action that the speaker do not want

17. Action named by the verb is accomplished by the speech act itself. I assert that Jones was in the office until six yesterday. I ask again: Who ate the cookies? I order you to sit down and be quiet. I hereby pronounce you man and wife. We declare the defendant not guilty.

18. Did James marry Janet? I don’t know whether James married Janet. I request that you take out the garbage. Interrogative Declarative Would you mind taking out the garbage?. Is Jane cooking the chicken?. Jane is cooking the chicken. Imperative Cook the chicken! Assertion Question Request/Order