Class XII Biology Notes Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction is a biological process through which organisms produce offspring, ensuring the continuity of species. It can be asexual (offspring arise from a single parent without gamete formation, e.g., binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation) or sexual (involves the fusion of male and female gametes, leading to genetic variation). The life span of organisms includes birth, growth, reproduction, and death.

1. EXEMPLAR
SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS
BIOLOGY
For Revised Syllabus Session 2024-25Artham
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Chapter 1 : Reproduction in Organisms.

2. MULTIPLE-CHOICE
QUESTIONS
1
. A few statements describing certain features of reproduction are given
below
:
i
. Gametic fusion takes place

ii. Transfer
of genetic material takes place
iii
. Reduction division takes place
iv
. Progeny have some resemblance with parents
Select
the options that are true for both asexual and sexual reproduction from the options given
below
:

(
a) i and ii; (b ) ii and iii; (c) ii and iv; (d) i and iii.

Solution:

Option
(c) is the answer.


2
. The term ‘clone’ cannot be applied to offspring formed by sexualreproduction because:
a
. Offspring do not possess exact copies of parental DNA
b. DNA
of only one parent is copied and passed on to the offspring

c. Offspring
are formed at different times

d. DNA
of parent and offspring are completely different.

Solution:

Option
(a) is the answer.


3
. Asexual method of reproduction by binary fission is common to which of the following?
i
. Some eukaryotes
ii. All
eukaryotes

iii
. Some prokaryotes
iv
. All prokaryotes
Choose
the correct option from the following:
(
a) i and ii; (b) ii and iii; (c) i and iii; (d) iii and iv.
Solution:

Option
(c) is the answer.


4
. A few statements with regard to sexual reproduction are given below:
i
. Sexual reproduction does not always require two individuals
ii. Sexual
reproduction generally involves gametic fusion

iii
. Meiosis never occurs during sexual reproduction

iv
. External fertilisation is a rule during sexual reproduction
Choose
the correct statements from the options below:
(
a) i and iv (b) i and ii (c) ii and iii (d) i and iv

Solution:

Option
(b) is the answer.


5
. A multicellular, filamentous alga exhibits a type of sexual life cycle in which the meiotic division
occurs
after the formation of zygote. The adult filament of this alga has
a
. haploid vegetative cells and diploid gametangia

b. diploid
vegetative cells and diploid gametangia

Chapter 1
Reproduction in Organisms.

3. c. diploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia
d. haploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia
Solution:
Option (d) is the answer.

6. The male gametes of rice plant have 12 chromosomes in their nucleus.
The chromosome number in the female gamete, zygote and the cells of
the seedling will be, respectively,
a. 12, 24, 12
b. 24, 12, 12
c. 12, 24, 24
d. 24, 12, 24.
Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.

7. Given below are a few statements related to external fertilization. Choose the correct
statements.
i. The male and female gametes are formed and released
simultaneously
ii. Only a few gametes are released into the medium
iii. Water is the medium in a majority of organisms exhibiting external
fertilization
iv. Offspring formed as a result of external fertilization have a better
chance of survival than those formed inside an organism
(a) iii and iv (b) i and iii (c) ii and iv (d) i and iv
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.

8. The statements given below describe certain features that are observed
in the pistil of flowers.
i. A pistil may produce more than one seed
ii. Each carpel may have more than one ovule
iii. Each carpel has only one ovule
iv. The pistil has only one carpel
Choose the statements that are true from the options below:
(a) i and ii (b) i and iii (c) ii and iv (d) iii and iv
Solution:
Option (a) is the answer.

9. Which of the following situations correctly describe the similarity between an angiosperm egg
and a human egg?
i. Eggs of both are formed only once in a lifetime
ii. Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are stationary
iii. Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are mobile
iv. Syngamy in both results in the formation of zygote
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

4. (a) ii and iv (b) iv only (c) iii and iv (d) i and
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.

10. The appearance of vegetative propagules from the nodes of plants such as
sugarcane and ginger are mainly because:
a. Nodes are shorter than internodes
b. Nodes have meristematic cells
c. Nodes are located near the soil
d. Nodes have non-photosynthetic cells
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.

11. Which of the following statements, support the view that an elaborate sexual
reproductive process appeared much later in the organic evolution.
i. Lower groups of organisms have simpler body design
ii. Asexual reproduction is common in lower groups
iii. Asexual reproduction is common in higher groups of organisms
iv. The high incidence of sexual reproduction in angiosperms and
vertebrates
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) i, ii and iii; (b) i, iii and iv (c) i, iii and iv (d) ii, iii and iv
Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.

12. Offspring formed by sexual reproduction exhibit more variation than
those formed by Asexual reproduction because:
a. Sexual reproduction is a lengthy process
b. Gametes of parents have qualitatively different genetic composition
c. Genetic material comes from parents of two different species
d. The greater amount of DNA is involved in sexual reproduction.
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.

13. Choose the correct statement from amongst the following:
a. Dioecious (hermaphrodite) organisms are seen only in animals
b. Dioecious organisms are seen only in plants
c. Dioecious organisms are seen in both plants and animals
d. Dioecious organisms are seen only invertebrates
Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.

14. There is no natural death in single-celled organisms like Amoeba and
bacteria because:
a. They cannot reproduce sexually
b. They reproduce by binary fission

5. c. The parental body is distributed among the offspring
d. They are microscopic
Solution:
Option (c) is the answer.

15. There are various types of reproduction. The type of reproduction
adopted by an organism depends on:
a. The habitat and morphology of the organism
b. Morphology of the organism
c. Morphology and physiology of the organism
d. The organism’s habitat, physiology and genetic makeup
Solution:
Option (d) is the answer.

16. Identify the incorrect statement.
a. In asexual reproduction, the offspring produced are
morphologically and genetically identical to the parent
b. Zoospores are sexual reproductive structures
c. In asexual reproduction, a single parent produces offspring with
or without the formation of gametes
d. Conidia are asexual structures in Penicillium
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.

17. Which of the following is a post-fertilisation event in flowering plants?
a. Transfer of pollen grains
b. Embryo development
c. Formation of flower
d. Formation of pollen grains
Solution:
Option (b) is the answer.

18. The number of chromosomes in the shoot tip cells of a maize plant is 20.
The number of chromosomes in the microspore mother cells of the same
plant shall be:
a. 20
b. 10
c. 40
d. 15
Solution:
Option (a) is the answer.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Mention two inherent characteristics of Amoeba and yeast that enable them to reproduce
asexually.

6. Solution:
a. Their structural organisation is simple.
b.

An only single parent is involved,that is they are singleparental
2. Why do we refer to offspring formed by the

asexual method of reproduction as clones?
Solution:
In the process of asexual reproduction,and only

a

single parent is involved so no genetic and

morphological variation takes placeso that werefer to offspring formed by the

asexual method of
reproduction as clones.
3. Although potato tuber is an underground part, it is considered as a stem. Give two reasons.
Solution:
They have leafshoots arising from the nodes. The tuber has internodes.
4. Between an annual and a perennial plant, which one has a shorter juvenile phase? Give one
reason.
Solution:
As the annual plant has a

shorter life span than the perennial plants, its juvenile phase is also shorter than
the perennial plants.
5. Rearrange the following events of sexual reproduction in the sequence in which they occur in a
flowering plant: embryogenesis, fertilization, gametogenesis, and pollination.
Solution:
The sequence is as follows:
Pollination → Gametogenesis →Fertilization→ Embryogenesis
6. The probability of fruit set in a self-pollinated bisexual flower of a plant is far greater than a
dioecious plant. Explain.
Solution:
A bisexual flower has both male and female flower themselves but in the

dioecious plant they are
unisexual they need an agent for the transfer of pollen grain were in bisexual the transfer of pollen is
easier.
7. Is the presence of a

large number of chromosomes in an organism a hindrance to sexual
reproduction? Justify your answer by giving suitable reasons.
Solution:
The basis of sexual reproduction is the generation of haploid gamete only so, the presence of a greater
number of gametes does not affect the reproduction. For example,Fern plant has 1260chromosomes but
still,it reproduces sexually.
8. Is there a relationship between the size of an organism and its life span? Give two examples in
support of your answer.
Solution:
There is no relationship between the size of an organism and its life span. For example,Mango tree and
banyan tree have the same size but they differ in their life span.

7. 9. In the figure given below the plant bears two different types of flowers marked ‘A’ and ‘B’.
Identify the types of flowers and state the type of pollination that will occur in them.

Solution:
‘A’ is a chasmogamous flower. Self-pollination or cross-pollination occurs while ‘B’ is a cleistogamous
flower which is self-pollinated.

10. Give reasons as to why cell division cannot be a type of reproduction in multicellular
organisms.
Solution:
In unicellular organisms, cell division takes place because each parent body forms a daughter cell where
multicellular not because no differentiation occurs.

11. In the figure given below, mark the ovule and pericarp

8. Solution:


12. Why do gametes produced in large numbers in organism’s exhibit external fertilisation?
Solution:
Gametes produced in large numbers in organism’s exhibit external fertilization because gametes are
released in an open environment. This causes them to expose constantly to predators and thus reduces
the number of gametes.

13. Which of the followings are monoecious and dioecious organisms?

9. a. Earthworm ______________
b. Chara ______________
c. Marchantia ______________
d. Cockroach _____________
Solution:
a. Earthworm
“monoecious”
b. Chara “m
onoecious ”
c. M
archantia ”dioecious”
d. Cockroach ”dioecious”
14. Match the organisms given in Column-’A’ with the vegetative propagules
given in column ‘B’
Col. A
i. Bryophyllum
ii. Agave
iii. Potato
iv. Water hyacinth

Col. B
a) offset
b) eyes
c) leaf buds
d) bulbils
Solution: i is c

ii is d iii is b iv is a

15. What do the following parts of a flower develop into after fertilization?
a. Ovary ______________
b. Ovules ______________
Solution:
a. Ovary “Fruit”
b. Ovules” Seeds”
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In haploid organisms that undergo sexual reproduction, name the stage in the life cycle when
meiosis occurs. Give reasons for your answer.
Solution:
These haploid cells only show meiotic division,
not meiosis when the formation of zygote takes place as
the zygote is the only diploid cell in their life cycle.
2. The number of taxa exhibiting asexual reproduction is drastically reduced in higher plants
(angiosperms) and higher animals (vertebrates) as compared with lower groups of plants and
animals. Analyse the possible reasons for this situation.
Solution:
The higher plants and higher animals have a complex structural organization that allows them to use the
sexual mode of reproduction and then produce genetically variable offspring. They
have more superior
survival and adaptation capability than those which are produced asexually.

10. 3. Honeybees produce their young ones only by sexual reproduction. Despite
this, in a colony of
bees,
we find both haploid and diploid individuals. Name the haploid and diploid individuals in
the colony and analyse the reasons behind their formation.
Solution:
A honeybee hive has three kinds of members which are
1. Diploid Queen which are fertile females
2. Worker bees are sterile females.
3. Drones which are haploid males.
Both gametes combine to produce offspring which can either produce diploid or haploid males.
4. With which type of reproduction do we associate the reduction division? Analyze the reasons
for it.
Solution:
Meiosis is known as reduction division because Meiosis
is involved in the gamete production which
occurs in sexual reproduction. The gametes will have half the number of chromosomes as its nature is
haploid.
5. Is it possible to consider vegetative propagation observed in certain plants like Bryophyllum,
water hyacinth, ginger etc., as a type of asexual reproduction? Give two/three reasons.
Solution:
1. It involves only one parent.
2. No gamete formation takes place.
3. The offspring has the same genetic composition as the parent.
6. 'Fertilization is not an obligatory event for fruit production in certain plants'. Explain the
statement.
Solution:
‘Fertilization
is not an obligatory event for fruit production in certain plants' because in some plants
unfertilized egg grows into an embryo, this process is known as parthenogenesis.
7. In a developing embryo, analyse the consequences if cell divisions are not followed by cell
differentiation.
Solution:
If in a developing embryo, cell divisions are not followed by cell differentiation the embryo would not
grow into an organism as the cells would not differentiate to forms tissues and then organs and would
remain as a
mass.
8. List the changes observed in an angiosperm flower after pollination and fertilization.
Solution:
1. Ovary
2. Ovary wall
3. Ovule
4. Outer integument
5. Inner integument
6. Secondary nucleus
Fruit
Pericarp
Seed
Testa
Tegmen
Endosperm

11. 7. Egg
8. Synergids and antipodals
9. Hilum, Funicle and micropyle
Zygote
Degenerate
Show no changes
9. Suggest a possible explanation
of why the seeds in a pea pod are arranged in a row, whereas
those in tomato are scattered in the juicy pulp.
Solution:
Pea and tomato plants show different types of placentation which describes the type of arrangement of
ovules inside the ovary. The pea plant shows Marginal Placentation which means that the ovules are
arranged into two rows along the rigid ventricular suture, whereas the tomato plant shows
Axileplacentation, that means the ovules are arranged along the central axis of the ovary.
10. Draw the sketches of a zoospore and a conidium. Mention two dissimilarities between them
and at
least one feature common to both structures.
Solution:
- Zoospore
is endogenously formed inside a sporongiously and flagellated
- Conidium
is formed inside conidiophores exogenously and is non-flagellated.
11
. Justify the statement ‘Vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual reproduction’.
Solution:

V
egetative reproduction is also a type of asexual reproduction

because it involves only one parent. In
this
reproduction, the clone formation takes place that young one will be similar to that of the parent.
Gamete
formation does not take place and the offspring will have the same genetic composition as that
of
the parent.

LONG
ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

12. 1. Enumerate the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Describe the types of
asexual reproduction exhibited by unicellular organisms.
Solution:
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
1. Only one parent is involves2. Gamete formation does not take place
3. Male gamete fusion does not take place
4. Offspring will be an exact copy of their
parents.
5. Genetic variation does not take place.
Male and female parents are involved
Male and female gamete formation takes
place
Male and female gamete fusion takes place
Offsprings are varied genetically and
physically from parents
The genetic variation takes place
OESTRUS CYCLE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Asexual
reproduction isdifferent kinds they are:
1
. Binary Fission: The parent cell divides its DNA into two, these DNA than incorporates into two
identical
daughter cells produced from the parent body, example: Amoeba
2
. Budding: A small nod or growth on the surface of the parent body derives nutrition from the parent,
then
detaches and grow into another being. Example: Hydra, Yeast.
3
. Fragmentation: The parent body divides into many fragments and every fragment develops into
offsprings.
Example: starfish
4
. Parthenogenesis: The unfertilized eggs develop into an embryo to form an invertebrate like afish,
frog
and other reptiles.
2
. Do all the gametes formed from a parent organism have the same genetic composition (identical
DNA
copies of the parental genome)? Analyse the situation with the background of gametogenesis
and
provide or give a suitable explanation.
Solution: In
sexual reproduction the fusion of male and female gamete takes place. Therefore the gametes formed
from
a parent organism do not have the same genetic composition. Both female and male gamete will
have
different genetic makeup and their recombination leads to the formation of the gamete that has
different
DNA composition.
3
. Although sexual reproduction is a long drawn, energy-intensive complex form of reproduction,
many
groups of organisms in Kingdom Animalia and Plantae prefer this mode of reproduction.
Give
at least three reasons for this.
Solution: 1
. Genetically varied offspring due to the recombination of the qualitatively different male and female
DNA. 2
. Due to recombination of DNA genetical variations are seen in the offsprings
3
. This type of reproduction is useful as due to genetical variation the adaptation and survival
compatibility
increases
4
. Differentiate between (a) oestrus and menstrual cycles; (b) ovipary and vivipary. Cite an
example
for each type
Solution:

13. 1. Takes place in non-primates
2. The endometrium lining is reabsorbed
3. Blood does not flow down
4. Copulation happens in heat season only
Example: Cow
1. Takes place in primates only
2. The endometrium lining of the uterus breaks
down and passes down
3. Blood flow takes place
4. Copulation takes place in any season.
Example: Human beings
OVIPAROUS VIVIPAROUS
1. They lay eggs and do not give birth to youngones
2. The egg may be fertilized or unfertilized
3. The young ones are protected inside a hard-
calcareous shell
4. Example: Fish, reptiles
1.They give birth to the young ones only
2. The egg undergoes internal fertilization
3. The fertilized egg develops inside the female
body
4. Example: Mammals
5. Rose plants produce large, attractive bisexual flowers but they seldom produce fruits. On theother hand,
a tomato plant produces plenty of fruits though they have small flowers. Analyse the
reasons for the failure of fruit formation in rose. Both these plants -
rose and tomato - both selected by human beings for different characteristics,
the rose for its flower and tomato for its fruit. Roses, being vegetative propagated do not need to produce seeds. Solution: Rose plants produce large, attractive bisexual flowers but they seldom produce fruits. On the other hand, a tomato plant produces plenty of fruits though they have small flowers. Because
1. The pollens produced by the rose plants may not be viable that means they may not have the
compatibility to germinate;
hence fertilization does not take place.
2. Pollen-pistil interaction may not take place
3. As the rose plants are hybrid the mitotic division in them may be abnormal, which may produce non-
viable gametes.
4. A barrier is present in the pollen tube where the male gametes are restricted to reach the ovule.

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