Classical and operant conditioning.pptx

Classical and Operant conditioning

1. Classical and Operant Conditioning

2. Conditioning ? Conditioning is a type of learning that links some sort of trigger or stimulus to a human behavior or  response . When psychology was first starting as a field, scientists felt they couldn’t objectively describe what was going on in people’s heads. However, they could observe behaviors so that’s what they focused on in their experiments. The major theories about learning come from the conclusions drawn from these experiments.

3. Classical conditioning Imagine your favorite snack is peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. Whenever you get that snack, it makes you happy and you start to jump around, doing your happy dance . Your sandwich always comes on the same plate – it’s big and orange and has a picture of a tiger on it. Eventually, you might start doing your dance whenever you see your tiger plate on the table, in anticipation of the sandwich arriving.

4. The presence of the plate has caused you to have the same reaction as having a sandwich. The sandwich is our stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) and it elicits the dance which is our response (the unconditioned response). “Unconditioned” refers to the fact that no learning took place to connect the stimulus and response - you saw the sandwich and automatically got so excited you start to dance

5. The plate starts off as a  neutral stimulus  and elicits no reaction on its own. As it is continuously paired with the sandwich, the plate becomes a  conditioned stimulus  and elicits a  conditioned response  in the form of your happy dance. Over time, you have  learned  to connect the plate and the feelings of happiness that cause you to dance.

6. operant conditioning is  a process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments .

7. How do we influence behavior? Operant conditioning changes behaviors by using consequences, and these consequences will have two characteristics: Reinforcement or punishment - Reinforcement  is a response or consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency. - Punishment  is a response or consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency.

8. How do we influence behavior? Positive or negative - Positive  means adding a new stimulus. - Negative  means removing an old stimulus.

9. Examples of Positive Reinforcement In Positive reinforcement, one gets rewarded for a certain kind of behavior; with this, the probability of continuing good behavior increases. Let’s have some relevant examples of positive reinforcement:

10. Homework Completion A student tends to complete his/her homework daily; because he/she knows that he/she will be rewarded with a candy (action) or praise (behavior).

11. Cleaning Room A child may learn to clean his/her room regularly; because he/she will be rewarded with extra TV hours every time he/she cleans up.

12. Examples of Negative Reinforcement Negative reinforcement tends to take away something unpleasant, which is acceptable and helps in strengthening the behavior. Let’s have some relevant examples for Negative reinforcements :

13. Class Presentation Class presentations are daily parts of student life. If a student is praised or complimented, he/she will be encouraged to do well, but if the student is laughed on or criticized in front of everyone, the presentation will be nothing more than just a formality in future.

14. Examples of Positive Punishments Positive Punishments is presenting something unpleasant after the behavior. It tends to decrease that behavior of the individual. Let’s have some relevant examples of positive punishment:

15. Insult/Shout A student who always comes late to the class gets insulted every time in front of everyone from the teacher. To prevent the insult or shouting from the teacher, he/she may avoid coming late to the class.

16. Examples of Negative Punishment Negative Punishment is removing something pleasant after the behavior. It also tends to decrease that behavior.

17. Criticism An employee getting criticized in front of the whole office by his boss and having certain privileges taken away as a consequence to his bad behavior at work may motivate him to stay in line and be more sincere.