Classical Dosage Forms

Classical dosage forms including Cachets, Lozenges, Tinctures and Snuffs. These 4 dosage forms are described undeer this presentation.

1. CLASSICAL DOSAGE FORMS ASAD BILAL Faculty of Pharmacy University Of Lahore [email protected]

2. CACHETS L O Z E N G E S Tincture SNUFFS

3. A POWDER WAS A SIMPLE WAY TO TAKE MEDICINE. IT COULD BE STIRRED WITH WATER AND SWALLOWED. BUT SOME POWDERS HAD A TERRIBLE TASTE, HOW COULD IT BE MASKED?????

4. “CACHETS” Were one answer

5. CACHETS A seal shaped capsule or wafer made of flour for enclosing powders of disagreeable taste. The sealed dosage form is wetted and swallowed . There were two types of cachets W et-seal Dry-seal

6. Cachet Machine

7. Wet and Dry-seal Cachets Wet-seal were closed by wetting the flanges of each half and joining, with dry-seal the two halves were pushed together.

8. To administer unpleasant and large volume . e.g. Sodium aminosalicylate and isoniazid cachets.

9. CAUTION Before administration cachet should be immersed in water for few seconds and then placed on the tongue and swallowed with water.

10. L O Z E N G E S

11. Lozenges Lozenges are solid preparations that are intended to dissolve in mouth or pharynx . They may contain one or more medicaments in a flavored and sweetened base. I ntended to treat local irritation or infection of mouth or pharynx and may also be used for systemic drug absorption.

12. Classification

13. Chewy or Caramel Based Medicated Lozenges These are the dosage form in which medicament is incorporated into a caramel base which is chewed instead of being dissolved in mouth.

14. Compressed Tablet Lozenges If the active ingredient is heat labile, it may be made into lozenge preparation by compression . The lozenge tablets differ from conventional tablets in terms of non-disintegrating characteristics and slower dissolution profiles.

15. Soft Lozenges Soft lozenges are either meant for chewing or for slow dissolution in mouth . They can be made from PEG 1000 or 1450, chocolate or sugar-acacia base while some soft lozenge formulations can also contain acacia and silica gel.

16. Hard Candy Lozenges Hard candy lozenges are mixtures of sugar and other carbohydrates in an amorpho us ( noncrystalline ) or glas sy st ate. The moisture conte nt an d weight of har d candy lozenge should be between, 0.5 to 1.5 % and 1.5-4.5g respectively.

17. Medicaments Antiseptics Local anesthetics Antibiotics Antihistaminics Antitussives Analgesics Decongestants Demulcents

18. Advantages Can be given to those patients who have difficulty in swallowing . Easy to administer to geriatric and pediatric population. Has a pleasant taste. It extends the time of drug in the oral cavity to elicit a specific effect. Easy to prepare, with minimum amount of equipment and time . Do not require water intake for administration. Technique is non invasive, as is the case with parenterals .

19. Disadvantages It could be mistakenly taken as candy by children, hence should be kept out of the reach of children . Possible draining of drug from oral cavity to stomach along with saliva.

20. Tincture

21. Tincture These are alcoholic preparations containing the active principle of vegetable drugs. They are relatively weak compared with extract.

22. General Method of P reparation Herbs are put in a container and a spirit of 40% or more ethanol is added, for example, 80 proof vodka or 190 proof rectified spirit. The jar is left to stand for 2–3 weeks and shaken occasionally in order to maximize extraction. More accurate measuring can be done by combining 1 part herbs with a water-ethanol mixture of 2–10 parts, depending on the herb itself. For most tinctures, however, 1 part water to 5 parts ethanol is typical.

23. Tincture of Benzoin Tincture of cannabis Tincture of cantharides Tincture of iodine Tincture of  opium Camphorated opium tincture

24. Advantages Ethanol is able to dissolve substances which are less soluble in water, while at the same time the water content can dissolve the substances less soluble in ethanol. One can sometimes vary the proportion of ethanol and water to produce tinctures with different characteristics due to the distinct solvent properties of these two . The alcohol content also acts as a preservative.

25. Disadvantages Ethanol has a tendency to denature some organic compounds, rendering them so changed as to be ineffective . Certain other constituents, common among them proteins, can become irreversibly denatured, or "pickled" in a manner of speaking . A basic tenet of organic chemistry teaches that anytime a biologically viable component is denatured, it will reduce or negate its prior biological viability. 

26. SNUFFS

27. Snuff Snuff is a hygienic preparation of tobacco with aromatics, perfumes and menthol. It is to be inhaled through nose.  Oral snuff is very coarse milled tobacco, not sniffed but put in the mouth. Snuffs vary from moist to dry, and from coarse to fine  and may be  natural, or perfumed, or " medicated“.

28. Types of Snuffs Tobacco Snuff: fine-ground tobacco, intended for consumption by being inhaled or sniffed into the nose

29. Moist Snuff Herbal Smokeless Tobacco

30. One of the best way of giving up smoking is snuff taking . Snuff has great medicinal values.  it opens up nose quickly and makes a person’s mind fresh . Many European countries are promoting snuff in order to help people to shift from smoking to snuff-taking.

31. Sneezing

32. KEEP CALM And FEEL FREE TO ASK ANY QUESTION