Classical dosage forms-by Amna Saeed

This presentation Contains the basic concept about the "Classical Dosage Forms",

1. CLASSICAL DOSAGE FORMS by : Amna Saeed Pharm.D (2009-2014) Institute of pharmaceutical Sciences Lahore College For Women University

2. Dosage forms Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action with in the body. The different forms in which drugs may be supplied to a patient These forms are a mixture of active drug components and nondrug components .

3. Classification of dosage forms They are classified according to Physical form: Solid( tablets, pills capsules etc) Semisolid( ointments,creams etc) Liquid (syrup, draughts & elixirs etc)

4. Classical dosage forms They are the conventional dosage forms in which no advanced or computerized technique is used for their preparation. These were used in old days and now their use is almost obsolete.

5. CLASSICAL DOSAGE FORMS LOZENGES PILLS CACHETS VITRELLAE DRAUGHTS SUPPOSITORIES PESSARIES

6. LOZENGES cough drop , troche , cachou , or cough sweet A small, medicated candy intended to be dissolved slowly in the mouth to lubricate and soothe irritated tissues of the throat.

7. TYPES OF LOZENGES Hard lozenges ; Hard lozenges are similar to hard candy Soft lozenges ; Chewable lozenges ; popular with the pediatric population since they are "gummy-type" lozenges.

8. PREPARATION Compounded lozenges can be prepared by molding mixtures of ingredients containing: sugars to form a hard lozenge polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form a soft lozenge gelatin to form a chewable lozenge

9. lozenges USE : to temporarily stop coughs and lubricate and soothe irritated tissues of the throat (usually due to a sore throat ), possibly from the common cold or influenza Nicotine lozenges are used to help people stop smoking. NYSTATIN LOZENGES are used to treat fungal infections

10. lozenges ADVANTAGES: being easy to administer to pediatric and geriatric patients. keeping the drug in contact with the oral cavity for an extended period of time. DISADVANTAGE: One disadvantage of using a "gummy-type" lozenge with children is they may perceive it as candy and not a serious dosage form.

11. lozenges Examples: Liquorice lozenges Bismuth Lozenges Strepsils Halls

12. pills Pills are small, round solid dosage forms containing a medicinal agent and intended to be administered orally.

13. preparation Pills were made by mixing the active ingredients with an excipient such as glucose syrup in a mortar and pestle to form a paste, then rolling the mass into a long cylindrical shape (called a "pipe"), and dividing it into equal portions, which were then rolled into balls, and often coated with sugar to make them more palatable

14. Pills Examples Ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory) • Aspirin (anti-inflammatory) • Melatonin (sleep aid) • Chlortrimeton (antihistamine) • Zantac ® (ranitidine: histamine H 2 –receptor) Contraceptive pills

15. catchets Cachets are the solid unit dosage forms of medicament in which drug is enclosed in tasteless sheet made by pouring mixture of rice flour and water between two hot, polished, revolving cylinders. Water is evaporated and sheet of wafer formed is known is cachet

16. types Wet seat cachet: Sealed by moistening the edges with water. Dry seal cachet Administration: A cachet should be immersed in water for few seconds and then placed on the toungue and swallowed with draught of water.

17. advantage They are quite useful for administering the drugs with unpleasant taste A large dose can be enclosed in cachet than in a tablet or capsule.

18. Cachets Examples : Sodium amino salicylate cachet. Isoniazid cachet.

19. vitrellae Vitrallae are thin walled glass capsules containing a volatile ingredient and protected by absorbent cotton wool and an outer silk bag.

20. Vitrellae Examples :- amyl nitrite vitrellae Octyl nitrite vitrellae

21. Draughts / haustus Liquid oral preparations packed as a single dose in separate containers and in large volumes are known as draught.

22. draughts A draught is an older term used to describe a liquid preparation formulated as a single dose, in a volume which is larger than generally utilised intraditional mixture formulations Each draught was usually supplied in a 50mL unit dose container

23. draughts Examples : Ipecacuanha emetic draughts-BPC (Treatment of poison) the normal dose is 10 or 15 ml and therefore a multiple dose volume is prescribed.

24. draughts Malefern draught-Emulsion Paraldehyde draughts- Oxidized to acetic acid and cause death. PRECAUTION: Do not use, if the solution is discolored

25. suppositories Suppositories are medicated, solid bodies of various sizes and shapes suitable for introduction into body cavities other than mouth, where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert localized or systemic effects.

26. Suppository bases The medicament is incorporated into a base such as cocoa butter : which melts at body temperature. glycerinated gelatin or PEG : which slowly dissolves in the mucous secretions

27. Types of suppositories Rectal suppositories for adults weigh 2 gm and are torpedo shape. Children's suppositories weigh about 1 gm. Vaginal suppositories or Pessaries weigh about 3-5gm Urethral suppositories called bougies are pencil shape. Those intended for males weigh 4 gm each and are 100-150 mm long.

28. Types of suppositories Nasal suppositories: called nasal bougies or buginaria meant for introduction in to nasal cavity. Ear cones: Aurinaria and meant for introduction into ear. Rarely used

29. suppositories ADVANTAGES: _ Can exert local effect on rectal mucosa. _ Used to promote evacuation of bowel . _ Avoid any gastrointestinal irritation . _ Can be used in unconscious patients. _ Can be used for systemic absorption of drugs and avoid first-pass metabolism . People suffering from severe nausea or vomiting .

30. suppositories DISADVANTAGES : The problem of patient acceptability . Suppositories are not suitable for patients suffering from diarrhea . Incomplete absorption may be obtained because suppository usually promotes evacuation of the bowel.

31. suppositories Examples Alprostadil  pellets paracetamol  , diclofenac ,  opiates , and  eucalyptol  suppositories

32. pessaries Pessaries are a type of suppository intended for vaginal use Pessaries weigh about 3-5gm

33. preparation PESSARIES are: Molded in globular or oviform shape Compressed on a tablet press into conical shapes.

34. USES Common ingredients for inclusion in pessaries for local action include: antiseptics contraceptive agents local anaesthetics various therapeutic agents to treat infections.

35. PESSARIES EXAMPLES : Cotrimazole pessary:for treatment of thrush. clindamycin vaginal suppository. Clindamycin & cotrimazole vaginal suppository.

36. refereences BOOKS: REMINGTONSCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY ANSEL’S PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICS-I BY ASHOK K.GUPTA COOPER AND GUNN’S DISPENSING FOR PHARMACEUTICAL STUDENTS NET: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessary http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_(pharmacy) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppository http://pharmlabs.unc.edu/labs/suppository/routes.htm