Classification-of-Diseases for human-Ppt.ppt

class of diseases

1. DISEASE CONTROL

2. Basic Principles of Communicable Diseases

3. Classification Of Diseases
Grouping of diseases based on certain characteristics.
Easier to understand and remember
Characterized by having same mode of transmission .

4. Classification Into 10 Group
1.Water-washed diseases
2.Fecal-oral diseases
3.Food-Borne diseases
4.Diseases of soil contact
5.Disease of water contact
6.Skins infection
7.Respiratory disease and other airborne-transmitted infection
8.Disease transmitted via body fluids
9.Insect-borne disease
10.Zoonoses
i. Ectoparasites zoonoses
ii.Domestic and synanthropic zoonoses

5. 1. Water Washed Diseases
Simplest transmission – person to person
Relate to poor hygiene – arise from direct contact of the
skin, conjunctiva or mucous membrane
Alternatively, organisms from skin or in conjunctival
secretions can be transported by intermediate vehicle.
Two group under this category:
Skin disease
Eye disease

6. Skin disease
Include infection of scabies , lice and superficial fungal.
Tropical ulcer also included here
Eye disease
Include trachoma, epidemic hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,
etc.
Main control method for water washed disease is to
increase water quality.
This include providing an adeuqate volume of water for
washing to encourage personal hygiene.

7. 2. Fecal-oral Disease
Transmitted by person-person contact, through water or food of directly
into the mouth.
Main reason of occurrence were due to absence of a proper water supply,
with rubbish and dirty surrounding,
Associate with abundance number of flies (typically occurred when
disease strive)
Breaking the fecal oral cycle is the basis of control.
This are achieve by :
Personal hygiene
Increase water quality
Food hygiene
Provision of sanitation
Many of the disease in this group cause diarrhea

8. Example of disease under this group:
Gastroenteritis
Cholera
Typhoid
Bacillary Dysentry ( Shigellosis)
Giardia
Paratyhoid
Hepatitis A & E
Poliomyelitis
Enterobius

9. 3. Food Borne Disease
Related to disease which only transferred by food.
Can infect food in general – food poisoning or sometimes
be very specific in the particular food – helminth.
Method of control focused on:
Food hygiene
Proper cooking of food ( right temperature, etc)
Sanitary methods to prevent cross contamination

10. Example of disease ;
Food poisoning due to bacteria; Staphylococcus spp,
Bacillus cereus, salmonella spp.
Food poisoning due to fish poisoning; Ciguatera,
Scromboid, etc
Food poisoning due to plant poison (organic or inorganic)
Campylobacter enteritis
Fluke ( intestinal, fish, liver, lung)
Tapeworm ( Fish, swine, Bovine)
Trichinosis

11. 4. Disease Of Soil Contact
Soil can be source of infection.
Particularly due to nematodes and bacterial infection.
Transmission can be direct from:
Soil contamination
Swallowing nematodes eggs,
Larvae penetrate skins in contact with
Developmental stages often take place in the soil –
human – soil.

12. Control of infection via:
Promotion of personal hygiene
preventing contamination of soil
Vaccination (tetanus)

13. In the case of nematode infection (trichuris, Ascaris,
hookworm), these always come in together.
This indicates that if she/he is infected with one, likely
to have all three.
Most common in developing country e.g Africa and
South America, Asia

14. Example of disease:
Trichuris
Ascaris
Tetanus

15. 5. Disease Of Water Contact
Important medium for disease transmission
Normally through;
Water polluted by fecal matter
Polluted water being used to wash food or food medium
Also serve as medium for fish – carry parasitic stage that is
transmitted when being consume.
Minimize contact with water is the best method of
control.

16. Example of disease:
Schistosomiasis
Guinea worm
Buruli Ulcer

17. 6. Skins Infection
Skin is common site for several communicable disease
Present with rashes of various kind
Infection often transmitted from person-to-person via
skin contact or airborne route
Control done by:
Avoidance of contact with infected individual
Vaccination (if available)

18. Example of disease:
Scabies, fleas, lice
Chickenpox/shingles
Measles
Rubella
Mumps
Streptococcal skins infection
Leprosy

19. 7. Respiratory Disease And
Other Airborne-
transmitted Infection
Our vulnerable respiratory apparatus is easily invaded
by microorganism
This due to our continuously breathing activity
The common site of entry is nasopharynx
Our ciliated lining and mucus secreting cells of
respiratory tract can act as non-specific host defense
mechanism, entrapping microorganisms and passing
them to exterior.

20. In attempting to expel this secretions by coughing or
spitting, organisms may be transferred to another host.
Respiratory infection are usually transmitted by direct
contact between individuals
Very effective if closer to contact.
Control is mostly non-specific since human contact is
difficult to be avoid due to daily activity.

21. *respiratory is enigma, yet only some
individuals manifest disease.
This is due to the factor infective dose
and host response which determine the
infection.
Environmental factor can:
Increase the infective (overcrowding)
Reduce host resistance (malnutrition)

22. Examples of disease;
Tuberculosis
Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)
Influenza
Whooping cough
Diphteria
Meningococcal meningitis
Pneumonia
Otitis
Acute Rheumatic Fever

23. 8. Disease Transmitted Via
Body Fluids
Includes infections transmitted from one human to another by
physiological fluids of the body – blood, saliva, seminal fluid
Transmission normally direct via sexually or non sexually contact
The main cause:
Close personal contact
Intimate/sexual intercourse
Considered as social disease, determine by habit and people’s attitude

24. Example of disease:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Hepatitis B & C
Yaws
Endemic syphilis
Venereal syphilis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Trichomonas
Genital herpes
Human Papilloma

25. 9. Insect-borne Disease
Vector transmission is one of the commonest methods of
spreading disease.
Divided into two chapter:
Flight insect
ectoparasites

26. Mosquito-borne disease:
Most important due to its abundant, close proximity to
human and blood meal.
Some parasites are specific for certain type of mosquito
e.g malaria & anophelines.
Others e.g arboviruses are less selective and utilize many
different species.
Parasite development within mosquito are:
Morphological without multiplication
Asexual reproduction (arbovirus)
Sexual reproduction (malaria)

27. Arboviruses
Grouped into three symptom-complexes:
1.Those producing mainly fever and/or Arthritis – e.g
chikungunya, Onyong-nyong, west nile.
2.Those presenting as fever and encephilitis – japanese
encephilitis, Murray Valley etc.
3.Hemorrhagic fevers – Yellow fever, dengue, rift valley,
etc

28. Example of disease
Japanese encephalitis
Dengue
Yellow fever
Malaria
Lymphatic filariasis
African Trypanosomiaosis (Sleeping sickness)

29. 10. Zoonoses
Infection that is naturally transmitted between
vertebrae animals and humans

30. 10.1.1 Ectoparasite Zoonoses
Disease caused by non-flying vectors e.g fleas, lice
Responsible for important group of infections that are
often associated with animal (reservoir)
Human are often the accidental victims of these
zoonotic infections

31. Example of disease:
Plague
Typhus
Louse borne relapsing fever
Tick borne relapsing fever
Lyme disease

32. 10.1.2 Domestic And
Synanthropic Zoonoses
Zoonoses disease which does not involve vector (direct
from animal to human)
Most of infection are due to close association between
human and domestic animals (domestic)
Zoonoses from unwelcome animal e.g rats are called
synantrophic.
Link to animals which depend on human for food and
companions e.g cat, dogs, cow and other.
Control depends upon an understanding of the contact
with the animal

33. Example of disease
Rabies
Leptospirosis
Hydatid disease
Toxocariasis
Toxoplasmosis
Brucellosis
Anthrax
Lassa fever

34. Transmission
cycle

35. 1. Direct infection

36. 2. Intermediate host –
Human Reservoir

37. 3. Intermediate host –
Human reservoir

38. 4. Animal-human reservoir

39. 5. Vector human reservoir

40. 6. Animal reservoir
Human

41. 7. Vector-Human Reservoir
Human

42. 8. Vector-animal reservoir
to vector-human reservoir

43. References
Roger W. Communicable disease epidemiology and
control; 3
rd
edition.2009. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge. United Kingdom
David L. H.,. Control of Communicable Disease Manual.
18
th
edition.2004. America Public Health Association.
United Book Press Inc. Baltimore. USa