Classification of feedstuffs, proximate principle of feedstuffs

Bsc Agriculture notes,
IGKV
livestock AND POULTRY MANAGEMENT

1. INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR(C.G.) College of Agriculture and Research Station,Lormi

2. TOPIC - Classification of feedstuff Proximate principles of feeds Nutrients and their functions Course Title - Livestock and Poultry Management Course no.- AVET 5211 Credit Hours- 4(3+1) Submitted To Submitted By Dr.Y.P.S.Nirala Chanchal Gawde Dept. of Entomology Id-20232007

3. Classification of Feedstuff Feedstuffs, also known as animal feed are foods given to farm animals, especially these that have been processed. feedstuff Roughages Concentrates Succulent dry Energy feeds Protein supplement others Legume Non legume Hay, straw and chaff cereal grain, milling products, animals/vegetable fat Animal origin -meat and fish meal plant origin -oil cakes Minerals and vitamins ,feed supplements and feed additives

4. Roughages -more than 18%CF and less than 60%TDN. -more bulky -less digestible -more lignin(critical factor for digestibility). Maintenance type - 3-5%DCP green maize, oat Non-maintenance type - <3%DCP straw Production type - >5DCP bareseem and lucerne 1. Green Roughages- 60-90%moisture Grasses Cultivated fodders Pastures Root crops Silages

5. Cultivated fodder II.Dry Roughages- 10-15%moisture Straw Hay Stover Husk Annuals Jowar fodder Maize fodder Perennials High biomass yielding Super napier silage

6. HAY- Made of the leaves and stems of plants that have been cut and dried for feed SILAGE- Made from cut green plants by chopping them into small pieces and placing the “chop” in a silo

7. PASTURE- Land where grasses and other plants grow for animals to graze

8. -less than 18%CF and more than 80%TDN -less bulky -more digestable -less lignin(critical factor for digestibility) 1.Energy rich - cereal grain, cereal mill by products, roots & tuber 2.Protein rich -plant origin-oil seed cakes, pulse chunnies, oil meals, yeast -animal origin-fish meal, meat meal, blood meal, dried skin milk Concentrates

9. Feed supplements- Feed Supplements are the compounds used to improve the nutritional value of basal feeds so as to take care of any deficiency. -vitamin supplement -mineral supplement Feed additives- Feed additives are the non nutritive substance usually added to basal feed in small quantity for the fortification in order to improve feed efficiency and productive performance of the animals. -antibiotics -enzymes

10. Proximate Principles of Feeds A method for the quantitative analysis of the different macronutrients in feed is the Weende or proximate analysis, based on the Weende analysis that was developed in 1860 by Henneberg and stohmann in Germany. Proximate Analysis is a partitioning of compounds in a feed into six categories based on the chemical properties of the compound. The six categories are -moisture -crude protein -crude fiber -nitrogen free extracts -ether extracts -total ash

11. Moisture- It represents the water content of feed stuff. The position of feedstuff other than moisture is called as dry matter. Crude protein(CP)- It represents the total amount of protein in the feedstuff. Crude fiber- It includes less digestible carbohydrates like pectins , cellulose and hemicelluloses and non carbohydrate fraction like lignin. Nitrogen free extract- It includes more digestible carbohydrates like starch. Ether extract- It represents liquid portion of feedstuff contains fat, fatty acid, pigments, waxes etc Total ash- It represents inorganic portion of feed stuff like minerals and silica.

12. Nutrients & their Functions Animal feeds is food given to domestic animals in the course of animal husbandry. There are two basic types, fodder and forage. A nutrient is defined as “Any feed constitute or group of feed nutrients of the same general chemical composition that aids in support of animal life “. Six Essential Nutrients Water Protein Carbohydrates Minerals Fats Vitamins

13. Water (H2O) Controls body temperature . Enables living plants and animals to hold their shape. Involves the transport of nutrients at the cell level through osmosis and diffusion. Helps digest feeds. Carries waste-products resulting from body functions. Major part of all body fluids. Carbohydrates  Function-energy source building block for other nutrients dietary excess stored as fat Two main components of carbohydrate-crude fiber nitrogen free extract Fat Provides: Energy Reserves Protection for vital organs Insulation for the body Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

14. Proteins Helps form the greater part of: A. muscles and internal organs. B. skin, hair, wool, and feathers. C. hoofs and horns. Minerals Potassium, phosphorous, and calcium are necessary for healthy bones. Salt ( NaCl ) is important in most body functions (i.e. appearance, growth, appetite). Iron is required for healthy blood and skin. Most other minerals are essential, but are required in smaller amounts.

15. Vitamins  Catalyst for body processes. Promotes growth and reproduction. Contributes to the general health of the animal. RATION: The total amount of feed an animal gets in a 24 hour period. BALANCED RATION : A ration that provides all of the nutrients needed by the animal in the right amount and proportion.

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