Classification of Intelligence

This topic is discussed with the help of 37 slides . I hope it it will be helpful in acquiring understanding of the concept.

1. C lassification of Intelligence Concept and Feature Dr. RESHMA HAFEEZ

2. Classification of Intelligence

3. Vernon’s Classification

4. This category of definitions emphasizes the ADAPTIVE nature of human beings. Intelligence is nothing but adsa - ptation to environment.any other definition of intelligence is superficial.According to VERNON this is the most fundamental idea. This approach says that , Intelligence is the capacity to ADAPT relatively in NEW Situation of life. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

5. But if we critically examine this concept we find that many great men to whome we could hardly deny an assessment of exceptional intelligence have been ill adapted in their social and physical environment.

6. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH Few of the definitions advanced by the experts contained a clear commitment about the relative effect of HERIDITY and ENVIRONMENTAL influence on the development of Intelligence. BURT, HEBB and CATTELL are the psycholo - gists who supported this idea.Hebb and Cattell have distinguished TWO kinds of intelligence.

7. Intelligence A ( Fluid intelligence or Genetic intelligence ) Intelligence B ( Crystallized intelligence or Acquired inte - lligence as a result of Experiences. ) These two are practically so indistinguishable. It is impo - ssible to assess genetic potential uncontaminated by the effect of training and experience and other environ- mental influences.

8. OPERATIONAL APPROACH Operational definitions are important to understand the concept of intelligence in clear and definite term.Scient - tific terms are defined not in isolate terms as in dictionary but stating the observable conditions. For instance , in order to determine a child’s IQ , we must first administer a test of a specific kind.Next we observe his performance and finally do some calculations, define meaning of IQ.

9. Freeman’s Classification

10. Adjustment or Adaptation ability The individual is thought intelligent in proportion to his ability to adjust to new situation and new problems of life.The person who is intelligent has no problem in adjustment. Can adjust easily in an effective way , can vary his behaviour according to the need of the situation. A person who is less intelligent is rigid and less respo - nsive in the social situations.The definition given byStern comes under this category.

11. Ability to Learn The definition of this category emphasizes the importance of an individuals ability to LEARN. Learning ability is the index of one’s intelligence. BUCKINGHAM says :- Intelligence is the ability to LEARN

12. Ability to Carryout Abstract Thinking This category of definitions lays emphasis on effective use of concepts and symbols in dealing with situations specially when a problem is presented and asked to to solve through the use of verbal and numerical symbols. Terman says while defining intelligence. An individual is intelligent in proportion as he is able to carryout abstract thinking.

13. Theories of INTELLIGENCE

14. Uni factor or Monarchic theory

15. The profounder of this theory was :- Binet Terman Ebbinghause Stern They all considered INTELLIGENCE as UNIFACTOR.

16. Two factor or Eclectic theory

17. In 1904 SPEARMAN gave a new concept of INTELLIGENCE that it is a combination of TWO Factors. G. Factor ( General Intelligence ) S. Factor ( Specific Intelligence ) G factor reflects in all mental activities. It is common But the S factor or specific intelligence is found only In specific activities. It varies from activity to activity And from individual to individual. S factor is acquired.

18. Three factor Theory of intelligence

19. After seven year of extensive studies in 1911 a new concept was given by Spearman that intelligence Has THREE factors , the new factor is GROUP FACTOR In this group five other abilties are included: Word ability Numerical ability Mechanical ability Musical ability Logical ability

20. Sampling theory or Oligarchic theory Of intelligence

21. This theory was advocated by THOMSON. According to this theory intellectual abilities belong to certain groups which are not related to each other but there is close relation between the abilities belonging to the same group.

22. This means that the individual who is intelligent in one group of knowledge may not be intelligent in other group of knowledge. But he may be equally intelligent in various subjects of that very particular group.

23. In brief we can say that the individual has got number of mental abilities. When individual has to perform certain type of work, he makes SAMPLING of abilities and sample out certain important abilities, out of the whole world of abilities.

24. Here the individual has to select the abilities through SAMPLING therefore this theory is called SAMPLING Theory. In this theory g factor is not as it was for SPEARMAN here it is a second order factor.

25. Multiple or Anarchic Theory of intelligence

26. Intelligence is constituted by multitude of separate factors , or elements , each one being a minute element of ability. In any mental act a number of these elements operates together.

27. This theory was put forward by Thorndike. Intelligence is composed of many factors. All these factors are independent to each other.Every task needs different abilities. This means a group of abilities are mani - fested in one single task.

28. Thurstone’s group factor Theory of intelligence

29. This theory is also known as theory of mental abilities. Turnstone conducted a number of experiments during the year 1935 – 1943 and concluded that intelligence is composed of seven primary mental abilities.

30. Verbal Comprehension Ability to use words in planning ,thinking communication and involves verbal compre - hension . 2. Numerical Ability It is the ability to work with numbers fast and accurately.

31. 3. Perceptual Speed It is the ability to perceive or see small details quickly and accurately. 4. Space Visualization It is the ability to visualize space and form mentally.

32. 5. Reasoning It is the ability to see relationship in situation described in symbols. It may be deductive or inductive type. 6. Word Fluency It is the ability to express in words or to to select words of ones chice at a rapid Speed.

33. 7. Memory It is the ability to recall and associate prev - iously learned item with the current task. According to THURSTONE these abilities are functionally independent to each other. later he accepted that a second order G factor is also a factor of intelligence.

34. Hierarchical theory Of Burt & Vernon

35. In this theory Hierarchical importance Is given to different mental abilities. Burt and Vernon divided these inti two Main classes. K M ( Perceptual , Mechanical,Spatial ) 2 . V D ( Verbal , Number , Reasoning)