Classification of life taxonomy

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ClassificationClassification
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•
There are There are 13 billion13 billion known known
species of organismsspecies of organisms
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This is This is only 5% of allonly 5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!organisms that ever lived!!!!!
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New organismsNew organisms are still being are still being
found and identifiedfound and identified
Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms
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What is Classification?What is Classification?
ClassificationClassification is the is the
arrangement of organisms into arrangement of organisms into
orderly orderly groupsgroups based on their based on their
similaritiessimilarities
Classification is also known as Classification is also known as
taxonomytaxonomy
Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists that are scientists that
identify & name organismsidentify & name organisms
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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying
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Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names names
organisms organisms
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Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such as such as
starfish & jellyfish that aren't starfish & jellyfish that aren't
really fish really fish
•
Uses Uses same language (Latin or same language (Latin or
some Greek)some Greek) for all names for all names
Sea”horse”??Sea”horse”??
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Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different
Languages for NamesLanguages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomistsall Taxonomists
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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists
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2000 years ago, 2000 years ago,
AristotleAristotle was the was the
first taxonomistfirst taxonomist
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Aristotle divided Aristotle divided
organisms into organisms into
plants & animalsplants & animals
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He He subdividedsubdivided
them by their them by their
habitathabitat ---land, ---land,
sea, or air dwellers sea, or air dwellers
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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists
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John Ray, a John Ray, a
botanist,botanist, was was
the first to the first to
use Latin for use Latin for
namingnaming
•
His His namesnames
were were very longvery long
descriptions descriptions
telling telling
everything everything
about the plantabout the plant
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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
1707 – 17781707 – 1778
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18th century
taxonomist
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Classified
organisms by
their structure
•
Developed
naming system
still used
today
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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
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Called the Called the “Father of “Father of
Taxonomy”Taxonomy”
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Developed the modern Developed the modern
system of naming known system of naming known
as as binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature
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Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus & name (Genus &
species)species)
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Standardized NamingStandardized Naming
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Binomial Binomial
nomenclature nomenclature usedused
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Genus speciesGenus species
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Latin or GreekLatin or Greek
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ItalicizedItalicized in print in print
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Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, ,
but NOT speciesbut NOT species
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UnderlineUnderline when when
writingwriting
Turdus migratoriusTurdus migratorius
American RobinAmerican Robin
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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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Rules for Naming OrganismsRules for Naming Organisms
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The The International Code for International Code for
Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature contains contains
the rules for naming organismsthe rules for naming organisms
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All names must be approved by All names must be approved by
International Naming CongressesInternational Naming Congresses
(International Zoological (International Zoological
Congress)Congress)
•
This This prevents duplicatedprevents duplicated names names
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Classification GroupsClassification Groups
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TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a
category into which related category into which related
organisms are placedorganisms are placed
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There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of groups of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most (taxa) from broadest to most
specificspecific
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Order, Family, Genus, speciesGenus, species

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsHierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family


Genus
Species
BROADEST TAXONBROADEST TAXON
Most
Specific
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DDumbumb
KKinging
PPhilliphillip
CCameame
OOverver
FForor
GGooseberryooseberry
SSoup!oup!
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17. 17copyright cmassengale

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BroadestBroadest, most inclusive taxon, most inclusive taxon
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ThreeThree domains domains
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Archaea and EubacteriaArchaea and Eubacteria are are
unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no
nucleus or membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)organelles)
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EukaryaEukarya are more complex and are more complex and
have a nucleus and membrane-have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles
DomainsDomains
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ARCHAEA
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Probably the 1
st
cells to evolve
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Live in HARSH environments
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Found in:
–
Sewage Treatment Plants
–
Thermal or Volcanic Vents
–
Hot Springs or Geysers that are
acid
–
Very salty water (Dead Sea;
Great Salt Lake)
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ARCHAEAN
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EUBACTERIA
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Some may cause DISEASE
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Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
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Important decomposers for
environment
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Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.
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Live in the intestines of animalsLive in the intestines of animals
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Domain Eukarya is Divided Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdomsinto Kingdoms
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ProtistaProtista (protozoans, (protozoans,
algae…)algae…)
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FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)
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PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)
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AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular (multicellular
animals) animals)

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ProtistaProtista
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Most are Most are
unicellularunicellular
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Some are Some are
multicellularmulticellular
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Some are Some are
autotrophicautotrophic, while , while
others are others are
heterotrophicheterotrophic
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AquaticAquatic
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FungiFungi
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Multicellular,Multicellular,
except yeastexcept yeast
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Absorptive Absorptive
heterotrophsheterotrophs
(digest food (digest food
outside their outside their
body & then body & then
absorb it)absorb it)
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Cell walls Cell walls
made of made of chitinchitin
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PlantaePlantae
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MulticellularMulticellular
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AutotrophicAutotrophic
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Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight
to make glucose – to make glucose –
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
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Cell walls made of Cell walls made of
cellulosecellulose
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AnimaliaAnimalia
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MulticellularMulticellular
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Ingestive Ingestive
heterotrophsheterotrophs
(consume food (consume food
& digest it & digest it
inside their inside their
bodies)bodies)
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Feed on Feed on plantsplants
or or animalsanimals
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TaxonsTaxons
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Most Most generagenera contain a contain a
number of similar speciesnumber of similar species
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The genus The genus HomoHomo is an is an
exception (only contains exception (only contains
modern humans)modern humans)
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Classification is based on
evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships
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Basis for Modern TaxonomyBasis for Modern Taxonomy
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Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same (same
structure, different structure, different
function)function)
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Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment
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Molecular SimilarityMolecular Similarity in in DNADNA, ,
RNARNA, or , or amino acidamino acid sequence sequence
of Proteinsof Proteins
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows shows
Similarities in mammals.Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate
EmbryosEmbryos
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CladogramCladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate Primate
CladogramCladogram
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Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying
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Used to identify organismsUsed to identify organisms
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Characteristics given in Characteristics given in
pairspairs
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Read both characteristicsRead both characteristics
and either go to another and either go to another
set of characteristics set of characteristics OROR
identify the organismidentify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous KeyExample of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 43a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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38. 38copyright cmassengale