Classification of Plants and Animals By SYED AASIM HAQ

Classification of Plants and Animals By SYED AASIM HAQ

1. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS By: SYED AASIM HAQ M.Sc . ZOOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

2. 3 Domain system of classification of living things

3. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS

4. Eichler system of classification

5. Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid , autotrophic and largely aquatic (both fresh water and marine) organisms. They occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood . Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear). The size ranges from the microscopic unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas , to colonial forms like Volvox and to the filamentous forms like Ulothrix and Spirogyra . A few of the marine forms such as kelps, form massive plant bodies. Reproduce by vegetative(fragmentation), asexual and sexual methods. ALGAE

6. Chlamydomonas Chara Laminaria Volvox

7. The algae are divided into three main classes: Chlorophyceae , Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae .

8. Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom They usually occur in damp, humid and shaded localities. They play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil. Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than that of algae. It is thallus -like and prostrate or erect, and attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids In bryophytes the dominant phase in the life cycle is the gametophytic plant body. BRYOPHYTES

9. Funaria hygrometrica Marchantia

10. First terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem . Pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions. In pteridophytes , the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls . In some cases sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called strobili or cones ( Selaginella , Equisetum). The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes: Psilopsida ( Psilotum ); Lycopsida ( Selaginella , Lycopodium ), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteropsida ( Dryopteris , Pteris , Adiantum ). PTERIDOPHYTES

11. Pteris fauriei Equisetum arvense

12. The gymnosperms ( gymnos : naked, sperma : seeds) are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation . The seeds that develop post- fertilisation , are not covered, i.e., are naked . Gymnosperms include medium-sized trees or tall trees and shrubs. The roots are generally tap roots. The stems are unbranched ( Cycas ) or branched ( Pinus , Cedrus ). Gymnosperms are heterosporous . GYMNOSPERMS

13. Cycas Pinus

14. The pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialized structures called flowers . Dominant sporophytic phase. The seeds are enclosed by fruits. They range in size from tiny, almost microscopic Wolfia to tall trees of Eucalyptus (over 100 meters). Double fertilization . They provide us with food, fodder, fuel, medicines and several other commercially important products. ANGIOSPERMS

15. Helianthus annuus Tagitus annus

16. They are divided into two classes : the dicotyledons and the monocotyledons .

17. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

18. Commonly called as Sponges Marine & asymmetrical Primitive multicellular with cellular level organization Water transport/canal system present .Many small opening called Ostia present on body wall thro which water enters leading into a central body cavity – Spongocoel that leads out through a single large opening called osculum Food enters the body along with water the Ostia. Choanocytes /collar cells live the spongocoal & canal in the body wall that trap the food & digest it within the intracellular digestion Body has a skeleton made up of spicules / sponging fibers. Hermaphrodite Reproduce internal and development is indirect having laved stage that is different from adult PHYLUM - PORIFERA

19. Sycon ( Scypha ) Euspongia (Bath sponge)

20. Aquatic, mostly marine. S essile or free – swimming. Radially symmetrical animals. The word ‘cnidarian’ derived from the word ‘ cnidoblasts ’/ cnidocytes present on tentacles for capturing prey & defense . It has stinging capsules or nematocytes A central gastro-vascular cavity called coelenterons present that opens to outside through a single opening – hypostome . Digestion is partly extracellular & partly intracellular. Some of them have skeletons made of CaCo 3 eg – Coral Exibit two basic body forms called Polyp & Medusa Polyp is a sessile & cylindrical from like Hydra , Adamsia etc. Medusa is like an umbrella, free swimming Aurelia ( Jelly fish) Those having both stages show alternation generation is Metagenesis Polyp produce medusa by asexually & medusa sexually produce ploy eg : Obelia PHYLUM - COELENTRATA

21. Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war) Adamsia (Sea anemone)

22. Commonly called sea walnuts. Exclusively marine . Radially  symmetrical. Diploblastic with tissue level organization . Body bear & external rows of ciliated plates that help in locomotion. Digestion – both extra & intracellular . Bioluminescence is seen in them. Sexes are not separate. Reproduction by sexual means. Fertilization is external with indirect development. PHYLUM - CTENOPHORA

23. Pleurobranchia

24. They have dorso -ventrally flattened body, hence are called flatworms. Endoparasites found in animals including human beings. Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals with organ level of organization. Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface. Flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion Sexes are not separate. Fertilization is internal and development is through many larval stages Some members like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke). PHYLUM -PLATYHELMINTHES

25. Tenia (tapeworm) Fasciola (liver fluke)

26. Body of the aschelminthes is circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms. Free living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals. They have organ-system level of body organization. Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals. Alimentary canal is complete with a well developed muscular pharynx Excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the excretory pore. Sexes are separated ( dioecious ) Often females are longer than males. Fertilization is internal and development may be direct (the young ones resemble the adult) or indirect. PHYLUM -ASCHELMINTHES

27. Ascaris (Round Worm) Ancylostoma (Hookworm)

28. Metamerically segmented animal –segments looking like ring-so called Annelids. True  coelomate present – partitioned segmentary by peritoneal membranous septa . Triploblastic. Bilateral symmetry . Organ –system . Body covered with cuticle secreted by ectoderm. They possess longitudinal and circular muscles. Setae – locomotion organ in lower side. In some setae present on lateral appendages called Parapodia . Alimentary canal has mouth & anus at opposite with muscular pharynx, oesophagus , stomach & intestine. PHYLUM -ANNELIDS

29. Pheretima (Earthworm) Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech)

30. This is the largest phylum of Animalia which includes insects. The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous exoskeleton. The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen. Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system. Sensory organs like antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balance organs are present Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules Examples:- Apis (Honey bee) Bombyx (Silkworm) Laccifer (Lac insect) Vectors – Anopheles, Culex and Aedes PHYLUM -ARTHOPODA

31. Apis (Honey bee) Prawn

32. This is the second largest animal phylum Triploblastic Coelomate Bilaterally symmetrical Terrestrial / aquatic Body surrounded by calcareous shell (expect slugs & octopus) Internal shell – sepia Body – unsegmented – 3 part – head & ventral muscular foot & a dorsal Viseral hump. Skin over visceral humo form a mantle that shell Respiratory & excretory organs – gills present below mantle Oviparous Larva – trochoplate / vellger PHYLUM -MOLLUSCA

33. Pinctada (Pearl oyster) Pila (Apple snail)

34. Ectoderm bear spines Marine Triploblastic Coelamata Adults are radially symmetrical – Body part in 5 axes ( pentamerous radial symmetry) Larvae- Bilaterally symmetrical Exoskeleto – calcareous having plate – like structure called ossicles Mouth on lower side & anus an upper side Water vascular system present Sexes separate with 5 pair of sex organ, one pair in each arm Fertilizations is usually external PHYLUM -ECHINODERMATA

35. Asterias ( Star fish ) Cucumaria (Sea cucumber)

36. Earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum Chordata Small group of worm-like marine animals Organ -system level of organization Body (a) Bilaterally symmetrical (b) Triploblastic (c) Coelomate (d) Cylindrical (e) Divided into 3- proboscis; collar & drunk Circulatory system is of open type Respiration takes place through gills Excretory organ is proboscis gland Sexes are separate Fertilization is external. Development is indirect. Example :-   Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus PHYLUM -HEMICHORDATA

37. Balanoglossus Saccoglossus

38. Animals possessing notochord either thought life or during early embryonic life. The notochord is stiff & flexible rod lying ventral to nerve Triploblastic Coelomate Bilaterally symmetrical Post anal tail  Closed circulatory system Dorsal hollow nerve cord Paired pharyngeal gill slit PHYLUM -CHORDATA

39. S.No . CHORDATES NON-CHORDATES 1 Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and single. Central nervous system is ventral, solid and double. 2 Notochord present. Notochord absent. 3 Pharynx perforated by gill slits. Gill slits are absent. 4 Heart is ventral. Heart is dorsal (if present). 5 A post-anal part (tail) is present. Post-anal tail is absent.

40. Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla: Urochordata or Tunicata , Cephalochordata Vertebrata . Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates and are exclusively marine. In Urochordata , notochord is present only in larval tail, while in Cephalochordata , it extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult in the members of subphylum Vertebrata .

41. Ascidia Branchiostoma (Amphioxus)

42. Parasite on fishes Elongated body have 6-14 pair of gill slits for respiration Sucking & circular mouth No functional pineal eye Cranium & vertebral column – cartilaginous Marine Their body is devoid of scales and paired fins. Migrate into river for spawning Ammocoete larva hatches out from eggs through metamorphosis that migrate into oceans Eg – Lamprey [ Petromyzon ] & hagfish [ Myxine ] CLASS - CYCTOSTOMATA

43. Petromyzon (Lamprey) Myxine (Hagfish )

44. Marine fishes Cartilaginous Endoskeleton 5 pairs of gills slits without gill cover No swim bladder Mouth ventral F ertilization usually internal Some like ray fish have electric organ Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray). Fresh / marine Bony endoskeleton 4 pair of gills covered by operculum on each side Swim bladder present Mouth mostly terminal Fertilization usually external No such electric organ present Examples: Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse); Freshwater – Labeo ( Rohu ), Catla ( Katla ), Clarias ( Magur ) Class – Chondrichthyes Class – Osteichthyes

45. Pristis (Sawfish) Catla catla

46. 2 phases in life cycle – adult & larvae Larva is aquatic & adult is terrestrial Require water for breeding & fertilization is external Cool blooded 2 pairs of limbs Body divided into head & trunk ; no neck present Moist skin without scales Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin Heart – 3 chambered , 2 auricles & 1ventecial A tympanum replaces the ear Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior CLASS -AMPHIBIA

47. Salamandra salamandra   (fire salamander) Hyla (Tree frog)

48. Crawling animals Body covered by dry , cornfied skin that contain epidermal scales/ scuter Post and tail present No external ear openings 2 pair of limbs with 5 digits in each Cold blooded   They are 3 – chambered but 4-chambered in crocodiles Carnivorous Snakes & lizard shed their scales as shin cast Internal fertilization CLASS -REPTILIA

49. Naja naja ( Indian cobra) Chelonia mydas (Green sea turtle)

50. Body covered with feather Most of them can fly except flightless birds (Ostrich) Possess beak without teeth The fore limbs are modified into wings The hind limbs are modified for walking, swimming or clasping the tree branches Bones – hollow with air cavities (pneumatic) Warm blooded 4 – chambered heart Respiration by lungs Alimentary canal has crop & gizzard Oil gland at the base of tail CLASS -AVES

51. Pavo cristatus ( Indian peafowl) Passer domesticus (House Sparrow )

52. Found in a variety of habitats Milk producing mammary glands Skin has hair External ears/pinnae are present Teeth are present Respiration is by lungs Warm blooded 4 – chambered heart Diaphragm divided body cavity in upper – chest and lower –chest CLASS -MAMMALIA

53. Macropus ( Kangaroo) Pan (Chimpanzee)

54. Life Sciences, Fundamentals and Practice by Pranav Kumar and Usha Mina ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/kebo104.pdf ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/kebo103.pdf ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/kebo102.pdf Wikepedia www.senecahs.org/pages/uploaded_files/Plant%20Classification.pdf REFRENCE