Classification of plants and animals.pptx

Class 9

1. Taxonomy : The branch of biology that deals about the study of identification, classification and Nomenclatures of living beings. Father of taxonomy: Carolous Linnaous Scientific name of : Human : Homo sapiens Frog : Rana tigrina Mustard : Brassica campestris Honey Bee : Apis melifera Silkworm : Bombyx mori Pea : Pisum sativum

2. classification of living beings The process of dividing the living organisms according to their similar and dissimilar nature into different group and sub-group is called classification of living beings. We can find many kinds of organisms in our surroundings. Their appearance, morphology, habit and habitat are different. The organisms are classified according to their characteristics, physical features, feeding process, reproduction and development etc. The organisms with similar nature and character are kept under one group.

3. Importance of classification Helps to study about organisms easy and in a systematic manner. Helps to study about organic evolution. Helps to understand the interrelationship among different groups of organism. It provides basis for giving scientific names of organism.

4. Binomial system of Nomenclature: The system of assigning the scientific name to the living organism by using Generic name and specific name is called binomial system of nomenclature. Genus: A genus is the first higher category above the species level. Example: Mustard (Brassica campestris ),turnip(Brassica rapa ) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) are included in one Genus- Brassica. Tiger( Panthera tigris ) and Lion ( Panthera leo ) are included in same Genus- Panthera .

5. Classification hierarchy

6. Two kingdom system Carolous Linnaous Five kingdom system Robert.H . Whitaker

7. Five kingdom system of classification The concept of this system was introduced by American taxonomic, Robert .H. Whitaker in 1969A.D. The reason for the five kingdom classification system to be more useful and scientific system is found to be proved by the following facts. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have been kept separately. Unicellular organisms are also kept separately. For example; Kingdom Monera and Protista The plants that posses chlorophyll and do not posses chlorophyll are kept in different groups. For example; Fungi and Algae As this system of classification is based on the history of the gradual development of the organisms, we are clear about their life style.

8. The five kingdom system of classification are: 1. Kingdom: Monera 2. Kingdom : Protista 3. Kingdom: Fungi 4. Kingdom : Plantae 5. Kingdom: Animalia

9. Basis of classification Living beings are classified into different groups on the following basis. On the basis of number of cell Unicellular and multicellular On the basis of cellular structure Prokaryotic and eukaryotic On the basis of present of cell wall or not Having cell wall and do not have cell wall On the basis of perform photosynthesis or not.

10. Kingdom: Monera Unicellular prokaryotic micro organisms fall under this kingdom. In their cell Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is present in the form of the nucleus. They may be autotrophic, parasite, symbiotic and saprophytic. Bacteria, Azotobacter , Blue Green Algae, etc are the examples of this kingdom. known as decomposer and mineralisers

11. Bacteria Azotobacter

12. kingdom monera includes three types of organism: Archaeabacteria : Ancient bacteria,found in hot,salty and extreme habitat (marshy palce ), autotropic . example: Hyperthermus,pyrolobus . Eubacteria : True bacteria,cellwall are made by peptidoglycan, move with flagella. Example:Clostridium,Rhizobium,Rhodospirillium . Cyanobacteria : Also called blue green algae,contain chlorophyll , autotrophic. Example:Nostoc,Anabaena Spirulina.

13. Kingdom: Protista In this kingdom, unicellular eukaryotic organisms are kept. Nucleus is present in their cell. Usually bear flagella,cilia or pseudopodia as locomotory organs. Mode of nutrition:heterotrophic , parasitic,symbiotic and mixotrophic . Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, etc are the examples. Cell of some protistans look similar to the cells of animals ( Amoeba,paramecium ) and cell of other protistans look similsr to plants ( Euglina,Diatoms )

14. Kingdom: Fungi In this kingdom, both unicellular and multicellular organisms without chlorophyll are kept. Thalloid are present in their body. They absorb the food from decaying and decomposing things. Cell wall is made of chitin. store food in the form of glycogen and oil globules. Fungus, Yeast, Mushroom ( Agaricus campestris ) etc are the examples of this kingdom.

15. Yeaast

16. Fungi are of three types on the basis of mode of nutrition: Saprophytic : obtain food from dead and decayed organic matter. Example: Mucor,penicillium . Parasitic Fungi : Obtain food from living plant. Example: puccinia and Taphrina. Symbiotic or mycorrhizal : Mutual symbiotic association between fungus and plants from which they get benefit.Eg : lichens.

17. Kingdom: Plantae In this kingdom Plantae, Flowering and non-flowering plants are kept. Many types of plants are found in this category. Under this unicellular, multicellular, chlorophyll containing plants are kept. In their body cell, cell wall is made up of cellulose. These are autotrophs.

18. Kingdom Plantae is divided into three main division: 1. Division :Algae 2. Division : Bryophyta 3. Division : Trachaeophyta

19. 1. Algae a) These plants may be unicellular or multicellular. b) Due to the presence of chlorophyll, these plants can prepare their own food. c) They store food in the form of starch. d) Their cell wall is made up of cellulose. e) Reproduction is sexual or asexual. f) These plants are found in pond, river, ocean and moist places. Example: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra, Ulothrix , Fucus . etc.

20. chlamydomonas spirogyra

21. 2. Division: Bryophyta a) Under the division bryophyte multicellular plants are found. b) Some plants have rhizoid, stem and simple leaf. c) They are autotrophs. d) As water is needed for fertilization, they are called amphibian plants. e) Alternation of generation is found in their life cycle. f) They are found in the moist and cool places. Example: Marchantia , moss, riccia , etc.

22. Marchantia Moss

23. 3. Division: Tracheophyta Developed plants are found under this division. They have well developed vascular bundle (xylem and phloem). These plants grow into tall trees. The three sub-division of tracheophyta are as follows: a) sub division : Pteridophyta b) sub division : Gymnosperm c) sub division : Angiosperm

24. Sub-division: Pterido phyta These plants lack seed but root, stem and leaf is clearly distinguishable. a) In this plant complex cell like xylem and phloem are well developed. b) On the ventral side of leaf, brown spots are found which is called sorus. c) Spore germinates into gametophyte. d) In their life cycle alternation of generation is found. Example: Fern, Lycopodium, Selaginella, etc.

25. lycopodium selaginalla Fern

26. Sub-division: Gymnosperm In these plants, there is absence of true flower and fruit. Instead of being inside the fruit, the seed is naked. Their leaves are long and narrow, They have unisexual flower. The flower lacks ovary, therefore there is no fruit. Pollination takes place by wind. These plants are found in land. Example: Cycus , Pinus, etc.

27. cycus Pine tree

28. Sub-division: Angiosperm a) The plants belonging to the sub division Angiosperm have true flower and fruit. b) The seed is present inside the fruit of the plant. c) Some plants are bisexual and some are unisexual. d) Flower is well developed. Both ovary and ovule are present in the flower. e) Pollination occurs by wind, water, insects and animals. f) Some plants are found in water and some in land. Example: Orange, maize, banana, paddy, soyabean , plants found in water such as water hyacinth, lemna , pistia , etc. On the basis of cotyledon found in the seed, Angiosperms are classified into two classes.

29. Class: Monocotyledon a) The plants belonging to this class have only one cotyledon in their seed. b) Root is fibrous. c) Hollow stem is present. d) Vascular tissue is scattered in the stem. Parallel venation is present in the leaf. e) They are found in water and land. Example: Paddy, maize, wheat, sugarcane, banana, bamboo,pistia etc.

30. Class: Dicotyledon a) The seed of this plant contains two cotyledons. b) They have tap root c) Stem is compact and strong. d) Reticulate venation is found in their leaf. e) Vascular tissues are found surrounding the stem in the form of ring. Example: Soyabean , mustard, pea, orange, mango, gram, bean, pumpkin, etc.

31. 5. Kingdom Animalia Vertebrate and Invertebrate animals fall under Animalia kingdom. Vertebrate and Invertebrate Animals Many types of animals are found here. These animals are different from each other in their physical structure, shape, size, etc. Some animals have internal skeleton where as the body of some animals is covered with hard shell. Some animals have simple body structure whereas in some animals all the system are developed. The animals with backbone are kept in one group and the animals which lack backbone are kept in another group. The multicellular animals which lack the backbone are called invertebrate whereas the animals which posses the backbone are called vertebrates.

32. Phylum of invertebrates Invertebrates are classified into eight phylum. Phylum : porifera Phylum : Coelenterata Phylum: Platyhelminthes Phylum : Nemathelminthes Phylum: Annelida Phylum: Arthropoda Phylum: Mollusca Phylum: Echinodermata

33. Phylum : porifera Multicellular diploblastic Small pores are present (Ostia) A larger pore is also present which is called osculum. The water enters into the body through ostia and leaves the body through osculum. absorbs the food present in the water, respires through the body surface where as its other systems are not developed. They are found attached to some substance in water. Example: Spongilla, Sycon, Leucosolenia .

34. sponge sycon Leucosolenia .

35. Phylum: Coelenterata multicellular , diploblastic Hollow canal (coelenteron) is present inside the body. Tentacles are present around the mouth. They move with the help of tentacles. They respire through body surface. They reproduce by both sexual and asexual means. These animals are found in lake, pond as well as ocean. Example: Hydra, Coral, Jellyfish, etc.

36. Hydra Jellyfish Coral

37. Phylum: Platyhelminthes Animals belonging to this class are called flat worms. Their body is flat like leaves or long shape like ribbon. The body is covered by three germ cell layers. So these types of animals are called triploblastic animals. Mouth is present in the anterior part of body and around the mouth, hook is present. With the help of hook, they are attached with host cell. They have sucker, with the help of which they suck blood, food. Some are endo parasitic whereas some are free living. They are hermaphrodite. Reproduction takes place by both sexually and asexually and also has the capacity of regeneration. Example: Liverfluke , tapeworm, etc.

38. Phylum : Nemathelminthes The body of animals belonging to this phylum is long and round and is pointed at both the ends. Their mouth, anus and hook have been developed. Body can be divided into two equal halves, which is called bilaterally symmetrical. They are unisexual. Reproduction takes place by sexual means. They are generally parasite where as some are free living. Example: Ascaris, hookworm, pinworm, etc.

39. Phylum: Annelida The body of animals belonging to this phylum is elongate, cylindrical and segmented. The layer that covers the body is moist. They respire through skin. Brain, tissue, excretory and blood circulatory organs are developed. Body is bilaterally symmetrical. Some animals are hermaphrodite whereas some are unisexual. They are found in moist soil, water whereas some are found in parasitic form. Example: Earthworm, leech, nereis, etc.

40. Phylum: Arthropoda The body of animals belonging to this phylum is covered by hard shell. The legs are made by jointed appendages. Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. One pair of compound eyes and antennae are present in the head. Male and female are separate. Insects have two pairs of wings. They respire by skin, gills or trachea. They are found all over land, air, water, etc. Example: Scorpion, butterfly, centipede, etc.

41. Phylum: Mollusca The body of animals belonging to this phylum is soft. Body of some animals is covered with hard shell made up of calcium. Tentacles are present in head. Whenever they touch any object, they hide their body immediately into the hard shell. They are unisexual. Body is asymmetrical. Their digestive, blood circulatory system and nervous system are developed. They are found in land and water. Example: slug, snail, octopus, cuttle fish, unio , etc.

42. Phylum: Echinodermata The body of animals belonging to this phylum is covered with hard shell which is spiky. Animals are star shaped, elongated, round shaped. They are triploblastic and radially symmetrical. Digestive system is developed. Mouth and anus are present. They move with the help of tube feet. They are unisexual. They reproduce by sexual means. They are usually found in ocean. Example: Starfish, sea-urchin, sea-cucumber, etc.

43. Vertebrates: Animals with backbone are called vertebrates. All vertebrates are kept under phylum chordata . Animals such as fish, frog, dog, cat, lion, whale, bat, etc belong to chordata . Although, some characters of all these animals are different, some characters are found similar.

44. Features of phylum Chordata In some stage of their life notochord is developed. At embryonic stage gills are developed on the outer part of neck. The empty part inside the vertebrae is filled with tube shaped nerve. Skeleton is covered with muscle. Closed blood circulatory system has been developed. Phylum chordate is divided into four sub-phylum. Hemi chordata , Urochordata , cephalochordate and vertebrata

45. Sub-Phylum Vertebrata Animals with backbone in their body belong to this group. Their body is bilaterally symmetrical. The process of respiration occurs through gills or lungs. The temperature of body changes according to the surroundings, which is called poikilothermic animal. Poikilothermic animals are called cold blooded animals. Fish, snake, frog, etc belongs to this group whereas man, bird, etc whose body temperature does not change according to the surrounding are called homiothermic . Homiothermic animals are called warm blooded. Phylum vertebrata is divided into five class. They are; a) Pisces b) Amphibia c) Reptilia d) Aves e) Mammalia

46. Pisces Their body is flat, elongated and covered with scales. Their body is divided into three parts as head, trunk and tail. On lateral side of head gills are present. It helps to respire. It swims in the water by the help of fins. Heart has two chambers. Male and female both are separate. Fertilization is external whereas some has internal fertilization. They live in water. Example: All types of fishes, sea horse, rohu, etc

47. Amphibia Their body is covered with moist skin. Their body can be divided into two parts as head and thorax. They have four limbs. They respire through gills during tadpole stage.But during adult stage they respire through skin. Their heart has three chambers. They are unisexual. They lay egg in water. In them, fertilization is external. They live in both water and land. Example: frog, toad, salamander, etc.

48. Reptilia The animals under this class creep on land. Their body is covered with hard shell. The body can be divided into 3 parts as head, thorax and tail. They have two pairs of limbs. They respire through lungs. Their heart has 3 chambers but crocodile has 4 chambers. They are unisexual and fertilization is internal. They lay egg. They live in water and land. Example: Snake, lizard, wall lizard, crocodile, tortoise, etc.

49. Aves The body of animals falling in this class is covered with fur and feather. There is head, neck, thorax and tail in their body. They have two pair of limbs. Fore limbs are modified into wings whereas hind limbs are used for walking . The bone present in their body is hollow, which is called pneumatic bone. They respire through lungs. They lay egg (oviparous). Their fertilization is internal. They are unisexual. Air sac is present in their body. They live on land. Example: Pigeon, danfe , pea-cock, hen, etc.

50. Mammalia Their body is covered with fur. Mammary gland is present in the body. Head, neck, thorax and tail are present in their body. They respire through lungs. Four chambers are present in their heart. They give direct birth (viviparous). They are unisexual and fertilization is internal. These animals are found in both land and water. Example: man, horse, whale, cow, etc.