Classifications of consonants

classification of consonants according to manner of articulation and place of articulation

1. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO MANNER OF ARTICULATION & PLACE OF ARTICULATION MRS.K.DEEPA M.A.,M.Phil.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,NET ASSTISTANT PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AVINASHILINGAM INSTITUTE FOR HOME SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN COIMBATORE

2. INTRODUCTION Producing a consonant involves making the vocal tract narrower at some location than it usually is We call this narrowing a constriction Which consonant you're pronouncing depends on where in the vocal tract the constriction is and how narrow it is It also depends on a few other things, such as whether the vocal folds are vibrating and whether air is flowing through the nose

3. …cont We classify consonants along three major dimensions: place of articulation manner of articulation voicing The place of articulation dimension specifies where in the vocal tract the constriction is The manner of articulation dimension specifies how narrow the constriction is, whether air is flowing through the nose, and whether the tongue is dropped down on one side The voicing parameter specifies whether the vocal folds are vibrating

4. Six important aspects in manner of articulation The air-stream mechanism The state of glottis The position of the soft palate The active articulator The passive articulator The stricture involved 1.Airstream mechanisms Pulmonic : movement of lung air by respiratory muscles Glottalic : movement of pharynx air by action of glottis Velaric : movement of mouth air by action of tongue Egressive : outward-moving Ingressive: inward-moving

5. …cont 2. State of glottis Wide apart – voiceless Vocal cord loosely held - voiced 3. Position of soft palate Oral – sp raised to shut of nasal passage Nasal – sp lowered to open nasal passage simultaneously with oral closure 4. Active articulator The lower lip, tongue 5. Passive articulator The upper lip, the entire roof of mouth (4&5 place of articulation) 6. Stricture involved The way in which the passage of air is restricted by the various organs of speech (manner of articulation)

6. Classification of consonants based on place of articulation

7. Description Bilabial – consonants articulated with both lips Labio -Dental – consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth Dental – consonants articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth Alveolar – consonants articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge Post Alveolar – consonant articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge Palato -Alveolar – consonants articulated either with the tip or blade of the tongue Palatal – consonant articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate Velar – consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum Glottal – consonants articulated with the glottis

8. Classification of consonants

9. Plosives Sound produced with a stricture of complete closure and sudden release are called plosives Complete closure & sudden release – active & passive articulators come into firm contact with each other – thus preventing the lung air from escaping thro’ the mouth List of plosives /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/

10. …cont Affricates Sounds that are produced with a stricture of complete closure and slow release List of Affricates /t ∫ / /d3/ Nasals Sounds that are articulated with the stricture of complete oral closure List of Nasals /m/ /n/ /ŋ/

11. Fricatives Sounds that are produced with the stricture of close approximation (active articulator is brought close to passive articulator – very narrow gap and lung air escapes thro’ it ) List of Fricatives /f/ /v/ / θ / /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /3/ /h/

12. …cont Lateral Partial closure – sounds that are articulated with a stricture of complete closure in the centre of vocal tract but with the air escaping along the sides of the tongue without any friction are called laterals Lateral - /l/ Approximants Open approximation – sound that are articulated with a stricture of open approximation are called semi vowels or frictionless continuants List of approximants /r/ /j/ /w/

13. /p/ During the articulation of this consonant The soft palate is raised The nasal passage is shut off Lips contact with each other Vocal cords are kept wide apart Stricture involved is complete closure and sudden release (manner) Therefore /p/ is a voiceless bilabial plosive

14. Consonant chart

15. Examples /p/ - pit, park, pull /b/ - bit, bark, bull /t/ - ten, tan, tune /d/ - do, den, done /k/ - cave, cap, class /g/ - gave, girl, gap /t ∫ / - cheer, choice, chin /d3/ - joke, gin, jest /m/ - him, lamp, limp /n/ - won, tin, send /ŋ/ - sing, rang, sung /f/ - feel, fast, fan /v/ - vast, very, van / θ / - thin, think, thank /ð/ - then, this, that /s/ - sink, said, swan /z/ - zinc, zone, zed /ʃ/ - show, short, mesh /3/ - vision, rouge, closure /h/ - heart, hare, her /l/ - leaf, learn, late /r/ - read, rule, run /j/ - yard, yacht, yet /w/ - watch, wet, white

16. Description /p/ - voiceless bilabial plosive /b/ - voiced bilabial plosive /t/ - voiceless alveolar plosive /d/ - voiced alveolar plosive /k/ - voiceless velar plosive /g/ - voiced velar plosive Assignment /t ∫ / - /d3/ - /m/ - /n/ - /ŋ/ - /f/ - /v/ - / θ / - /ð/ - /s/ - /z/ - /ʃ/ - /3/ - /h/ - /l/ - /r/ - /j/ - /w/ -

17. The End