Classifying Today.09.ClassificationNotes#3

1. TEXTBOOK: From Bacteria
to Plants
Chapter One: Living Things
Section 3 “Classifying
Organisms.” Pg. 28-37

2. Classifying Organisms
Why do Scientists Classify?
There are 2.5 million kinds of
organisms on Earth.
(including plants, animals and bacteria)

3. Classification
•—the process of grouping things based on
their similarities.

4. We classify
•foods “dairy, meat, poultry, fruit,
vegetables.”
We classify music
“rap, r&b, pop,
country”

5. Early Classification Systems

6. Aristotle—
came up with the idea to use
observations to classify animals
by appearance, behavior,
movement
Fly
Swim
Walk, crawl run

7. Populus
tremuloides
Quaking
Aspen
Classification and
Phylogeny
•Binomial Nomenclature
•Hierarchical Classification
•Systematics: Evolutionary
Classification

8. Carolus von
Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
Swedish scientist
who laid
foundation for
modern taxonomy
•Carolus von Linnaeus
•Two-word naming system
–Genus
•Noun, Capitalized,
Underlined or Italicized
–Species
•Descriptive, Lower Case,
Underlined or Italicized
Binomial Nomenclature

9. The Classification System of
Linnaeus
Used observations as the basis of his system.

10. Binomial nomenclature
•each organism was given a two part name.
Made of a genus and species name that
identifies a certain organism.

11. Genus
first part of name. A classification grouping
that contains similar, closely related
organisms.

12. Species
2
nd
part of name. A group of similar
organisms that can mate and produce fertile
offspring in nature.

13. Latin
genus and species names are in Latin
language. This was the language all
scientists communicated in.

14. Italics and Capitalization
the complete scientific name is written in
italics. The genus name is capitalized while
the species name begins with a small letter.
Example: Felis domesticus—house cat/
domestic cat

15. Organisms
are grouped by their shared
characteristics. First put in a broad
group and then moved into more specific
groups

16. Hierarchical Classification
•Taxonomic categories
•7 Levels of Classification
–Kingdom King
–Phylum Philip
–Class Came
–Order Over
–Family For
–Genus Green
–Species Soup

17. The more classification levels that two
animals share, the more characteristics
they have in common.

18. Evolution and Classification
Charles Darwin published a theory about how
species change over time.

19. It is proven that species can change over
time (adaptations).
Ex. Humans get taller,
Ex. Bird’s beak gets more pointed.

20. It is not proven that organisms can change
into other species,

21. ex. A monkey into a person

22. Evolution
the process by which species gradually
change over time.

23. Classification
Today
Theory is that
species are
similar
because they
share a
common
ancestor.

24. Species with similar evolutionary histories are
classified more closely together.
i. Get information about how species
used to be from fossils

27. Compare body structures and
chemical makeup to fossils.
c. Compare body
structures to other
organisms
d. Compare early
development of
different organisms.

28. •Ex. Humans and rabbits go through
similar stages in their development
before birth.
This means
they may
share
evolutionary
history.

29. •Primarily rely on info about the chemical
makeup of cells to determine evolutionary
history. The more closely related the 2
species, the more similar the chemicals that
make up their cells are.
chemical makeup of cells

30. Using the Classification System
Taxonomic Key—a series of paired
statements that describe the physical
characteristics of different organisms.

31. Taxonomic Diagrams
Mammals Turtles Lizards and
Snakes
Crocodiles Birds Mammals Turtles Lizards and
Snakes
Crocodiles Birds
CladogramPhylogenetic
Tree

32. MONEY TAXONOMIC KEY
1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2
1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5
2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny
2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3
3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel.
3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4
4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime
4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter
5 A. Number 1 in the corners...............................$1 bill
5 B. Number 2 in the corners...............................$2 bill
Now, try to make your own taxonomic key (similar to the
money taxonomic key). Make your key separate out each of
the 5 kingdoms. Remember to use pairs of contrasting
statements.
Possible Answer (your answer may vary)

33. Dichotomous Keys Identify
Organisms
•Dichotomous keys versus evolutionary
classification
•Dichotomous keys contain pairs of
contrasting descriptions.
•After each description, the key directs the
user to another pair of descriptions or
identifies the organism.

34. Identifying a leaf
Example:
1.a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2
b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3
2.a) Are margins of the leaf
jagged? Go to 4
b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go
to 5

35. Identifying an
insect