Clay Minerals: Classifications, Identifications, Structures, and Applications

Clay Minerals: Classifications, Identifications, Structures, and Applications

1. GEOL 650 –Clay Mineralogy
Instructor: Prof. AhmetUmranDogan
Clay Minerals:
Classifications, Identifications, Structures, and Applications
Omar A. Radwan
g201306050
ESD
1

2. OUTLINE
•Introduction
•Structures
–T
–O
–I
•Classifications
–TO
–TOT
•Identifications
–XRD
•Applications
•Concluding remarks
2

3. INTRODUCTION
•Group: Phyllosilicate
•Composition: hydrous aluminosilicates
•Formation occurs under:
–surface (alterites, soils, sediments) conditions or
–subsurface (diagenesis, hydrothermal alterations) conditions
•Size: few micrometers maximum
–Difficult to observe without using electron microscopy
3

4. STRUCTURES -T
•The Tetrahedral Sheet (T)
•SiO
4
−4
or AlO
4
−5
Tetrahedra
•linked together by sharing three of
four vertices (three basal oxygens)
•Only one O
-2
anion (apical oxygen)
bonds cationpair
Murray, 2007
4

5. STRUCTURES -O
•TheOctahedralSheet(O)
•linkedtogetherbysharingtheirsix
vertices
•Eachanionisbondedtothree
cationsinthetrioctahedraltype
•Eachanionisbondedtotwo
cationsinthedioctahedraltype
Murray, 2007
5

6. STRUCTURES -TO
Nesse, 2012
6

7. STRUCTURES -I
•The Interlayer Sheet (I)
•In 2:1 phyllosilicates
•interlayer cationscompensate the negative charges in excess and
insure the electrical neutrality of the 2:1 layer
–Cationsnot bonded to each other (X)
–Cationsforming an octahedral sheet without any shared vertex
with tetrahedral sheets (O)
Veldeand Meunier, 2008
7

8. CLASSIFICATIONS
8
Negrón-Mendoza, 2011

9. CLASSIFICATIONS -TO
•1:1 in which one tetrahedral sheet is bonded to one octahedral sheet
•KAOLINITE
9
Murray, 2007

10. CLASSIFICATIONS -TOT
•2:1inwhichoneoctahedralsheetis
sandwichedandcovalentlycoordinated
betweentwotetrahedralsheets
•SMECTITE
•Water molecules and cationsoccupy the
space between the 2:1 layers
•Spices
–Sodium montmorillonite
–Calcium montmorillonite
–Saponite (magnesium montmorillonite)
–Nontronite (iron montmorillonite)
–Hectorite (lithium montmorillonite)
–Beidellite (aluminum montmorillonite)
10
Murray, 2007

11. CLASSIFICATIONS -TOT
•ILLITE
•structure is a 2:1 layer in which
the interlayer cationis potassium
11
Murray, 2007

12. CLASSIFICATIONS -TOT
•CHLORITE
•2:1 layer mineral with an
interlayer octahedral sheet.
12
Murray, 2007

13. CLASSIFICATIONS
•Pure clay minerals
•Mixed-layer clay minerals
13Brigattiet al., 2006

14. IDENTIFICATIONS
14
Bergayaand Lagaly, 2013

15. IDENTIFICATIONS
15Callister, W.D., 2012

16. IDENTIFICATIONS
•4 STEPS:
–XRD for regular random oriented powder sample
–XRD for oriented clay size fraction
–XRD after glycolation
–XRD after heating
16
Clay MineralgroupAir-Dried Heated Glycolated
Kaolinite 7.16 7.16 7.16
Smectite 15 10 16.9
Illite 10.1 10.1 10.1
Vermiculite 14.4 10 14.4
Chlorite 14.2 14.2 14.2

17. IDENTIFICATIONS -Ex
•CHLORITE:
17Poppeetal.,2001

18. IDENTIFICATIONS –Ex
•SMECTITE
18
Poppeetal.,2001

19. APPLICATIONS
Zhu and Njuguna, 2014
1 Earth and planetary sciences
2 Materials science
3 Engineering
4 Chemistry
5 Environmental science
6 Agricultural and biological science
7 Chemical engineering
8 Physics and astronomy
9 Energy
10 Biochemistry
19

20. APPLICATIONS
Adams and Hooper, 2001
20

21. CONCLUDING REMARKS
•Basedontheirlayeredstructure,claymineralscanbe
categorizedastypes1:1or2:1
•X-raydiffractionisthebasictoolforclaymineralidentification
•Claysaloneformanentireworldinwhichgeologists,
mineralogists,agriculturist,petroleumengineers,chemists
findextraordinarysubjectsforresearch.
21

22. 22

23. REFERENCES
•Adams,J.M.,Hooper,J.J.,2001.Clays,in:Veyssière,K.H.J.B.W.C.C.F.I.J.K.M.
(Ed.),EncyclopediaofMaterials:ScienceandTechnology(SecondEdition).
Elsevier,Oxford,pp.1236–1242.
•Bergaya,F.,Lagaly,G.,2013.Chapter1-GeneralIntroduction:Clays,Clay
Minerals,andClayScience,in:FaïzaBergayaandGerhardLagaly(Ed.),
DevelopmentsinClayScience,HandbookofClayScience.Elsevier,pp.1–19.
•Brigatti,M.F.,Galán,E.,Theng,B.K.G.,2013.Chapter2-Structureand
MineralogyofClayMinerals,in:FaïzaBergayaandGerhardLagaly(Ed.),
DevelopmentsinClayScience,HandbookofClayScience.Elsevier,pp.21–81.
•Callister,W.D.,2012.FundamentalsofMaterialsScienceandEngineering:An
IntegratedApproach,4edition.ed.Wiley,Hoboken,N.J.
•Meunier,A.,2010.Clays,Softcoverreprintofhardcover1sted.2005edition.
ed.Springer
•Moore,D.M.,Reynolds,R.C.,1997.X-RayDiffractionandtheIdentificationand
AnalysisofClayMinerals,2edition.ed.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford;New
York.
23

24. REFERENCES
•Murray,H.H.,2007.AppliedClayMineralogy,Volume2:Occurrences,Processing
andApplicationsofKaolins,Bentonites,Palygorskitesepiolite,andCommonClays,
1edition.ed.ElsevierScience,Boston.
•Negrón-Mendoza,A.,2011.Clay,in:Gargaud,M.,Amils,P.R.,Quintanilla,J.C.,II,
H.J.(Jim)C.,Irvine,W.M.,Pinti,P.D.L.,Viso,M.(Eds.),Encyclopediaof
Astrobiology.SpringerBerlinHeidelberg,pp.316–319.
•Nesse,W.D.,2012.IntroductionToMineralogy.OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork.
•Poppe,L.J.,Paskevich,V.F.,Hathaway,J.C.,Blackwood,D.S.,2001.Alaboratory
manualforX-raypowderdiffraction.USGeologicalSurveyOpen-FileReport,
1(041),1-88.
•Velde,B.B.,Meunier,A.,2008.TheOriginofClayMineralsinSoilsandWeathered
Rocks,2008edition.ed.Springer,Berlin.
•Zhu,H.,Njuguna,J.,2014.7-Nanolayeredsilicates/clayminerals:usesand
effectsonhealth,in:Njuguna,J.,Pielichowski,K.,Zhu,H.(Eds.),Healthand
EnvironmentalSafetyofNanomaterials.WoodheadPublishing,pp.133–146.
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25. 25
Meunier, 2010

26. Meunier, 2010 26

27. 27

28. 28

29. 29

30. 30

31. 31

32. Brigatti et al., 2013
32

33. 33
Guggenheim et al., 2006

34. 34Meunier, 2010
M: montmorillonite
B: beidellite
S: saponite
V: vermiculite

35. Velde, 2013
35