Climate Change and Disaster Management by Rabindra

Climate Change and Disaster Management by Rabindra

1. UNIT 5: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

2. UNIT 5: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT [5] 5.1 Basic concepts and definition of hazard, disaster, risk, preparedness, response and recovery 5.2 Types of disasters in Nepal and around, and their classification 5.3 Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) 5.4 Disaster Risk Reduction Management cycle: prevention, preparedness, mitigation, relief, rescue and recovery 5.5 Community- based Disaster Risk Management 5.6 Sendai framework

3. Hazard The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) defines it as a "process, phenomenon, or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation.“ Hazards may be natural, anthropogenic or socionatural in origin. Hazards include (as mentioned in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030) biological, environmental, geological, hydrometeorological and technological processes and phenomena.

4. Hazard Biological hazards  are of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances. Examples are bacteria, viruses or parasites, poisonous plants and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents. Environmental hazards  may include chemical, natural and biological hazards. They can be created by environmental degradation or physical or chemical pollution in the air, water and soil. However, many of the processes and phenomena that fall into this category may be termed drivers of hazard and risk rather than hazards in themselves, such as soil degradation, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, salinization and sea-level rise. Geological or geophysical hazards  originate from internal earth processes. Examples are earthquakes, volcanic activity and emissions, and related geophysical processes such as mass movements, landslides, rockslides, surface collapses and debris or mud flows. Hydrometeorological hazards  are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin. Examples are tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons and hurricanes); floods, including flash floods; drought; heatwaves and cold spells; and coastal storm surges. Hydrometeorological conditions may also be a factor in other hazards such as landslides, wildland fires, locust plagues, epidemics and in the transport and dispersal of toxic substances and volcanic eruption material. Technological hazards  originate from technological or industrial conditions, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or specific human activities. Examples include industrial pollution, nuclear radiation, toxic wastes, dam failures, transport accidents, factory explosions, fires and chemical spills. Technological hazards also may arise directly as a result of the impacts of a natural hazard event.

5. Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts. Types of Disaster Small-scale disaster : a type of disaster only affecting local communities which require assistance beyond the affected community. Large-scale disaster : a type of disaster affecting a society which requires national or international assistance. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2017. The Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. "Disaster". Accessed 19 March 2025. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster.

6. Disaster Types of Disaster A slow-onset disaster is defined as one that emerges gradually over time. Slow-onset disasters could be associated with, e.g., drought, desertification, sea-level rise, epidemic disease. A sudden-onset disaster is one triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly. Sudden-onset disasters could be associated with, e.g., earthquake, volcanic eruption, flash flood, chemical explosion, critical infrastructure failure, transport accident.

7. Preparedness The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risks and good linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as contingency planning, the stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information, and associated training and field exercises. 

8. Response Actions taken directly before, during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called disaster relief.

9. Recovery The restoring or improving of livelihoods and health, as well as economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets, systems and activities, of a disaster-affected community or society, aligning with the principles of sustainable development and “build back better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk.

10. Classification of Disasters

11. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Flood Impact of flooding on humans people can be injured or killed by flooding floodwater is often contaminated with sewage, which can lead to illness and affect clean drinking water power supplies can be disrupted businesses can be forced to shut down services such as hospitals and schools can close transport networks can be affected, such as flood damage to bridges, railways and roads homes and properties can be flooded people may have to move out of their properties until flood damage is repaired possessions can be damaged and washed away

12. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Flood Impact of flooding on the environment wildlife habitats can be destroyed by floodwater contaminated floodwater can pollute rivers and habitats silt and sediment can destroy crops on farms river banks and natural levées can be eliminated as rivers reach bankfull capacity rivers can be widened, and deposition can increase downstream trees can be uprooted by high-velocity water flow plants that survive the initial flood may die due to being inundated with water

13. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Flood Year Event/Location Type of Flood Impacts 2022 Monsoon Floods & Landslides Widespread Monsoon Rains - 101 deaths, 128 injured. - 10,000+ displaced. - Damaged 200+ roads and 50+ bridges. 2021 Melamchi River Flood Riverine/Flash Flood - 20+ deaths, 100+ missing. - Destroyed Melamchi Water Supply Project infrastructure. - Displaced 1,000+ families. 2017 Terai Region Floods Monsoon Rainfall Flooding - 150+ deaths, 80,000+ displaced. - 80% of Terai farmland submerged. - Economic losses: ~$584 million USD. 2014 Sunkoshi Landslide & Flood Landslide-Dammed River Flood - 156 deaths, 200+ missing. - Blocked Arniko Highway - Displaced 30,000+ people. 2008 Koshi River Breach River Embankment Collapse - 250+ deaths in Nepal and India. - 70,000+ displaced in Nepal. - 40,000 hectares of farmland inundated. 1993 Central & Eastern Nepal Floods Monsoon Floods - 1,336 deaths, 22,000 families displaced. - Destroyed 25,000 homes. - Loss of livestock and crops.

14. about  3,000 homes have been damaged or destroyed , along with  over 100 kilometres of roads  and more than  50 bridges rendered unusable .   losses estimated at  NPR 25 billion .

15. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Landslide

16. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Landslide

17. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Landslide Year Event/Location Type/Cause Impacts 2023 Myagdi District Landslide Monsoon rains & unstable slopes - 12 deaths, 8 missing. - Blocked Beni-Jomsom Highway, cutting access to Mustang. - Damaged irrigation canals. 2022 Landslides in Manang District Glacial retreat & rainfall - 17 deaths, 4 missing. - Blocked Annapurna Circuit trekking routes. - Damaged hydropower projects. 2021 Landslides in Doti District Heavy monsoon rains - 30+ deaths, 20+ injured. - Destroyed 100+ houses and farmland. - Isolated remote villages for weeks. 2020 Landslides in Sindhupalchowk Monsoon-triggered landslides - 60+ deaths, 100+ displaced. - Disrupted construction of Melamchi Water Supply Project. - Damaged 50+ homes. 2015 Langtang Valley Landslide Earthquake-triggered (April 2015 quake) - Entire village buried; 300+ deaths. - Destroyed trekking infrastructure critical to local tourism. 2014 Jure Landslide (Sindhupalchowk) Rainfall-induced landslide - 156 deaths, 200+ missing. - Blocked Sunkoshi River, causing downstream flooding. - Destroyed Arniko Highway (key China-Nepal trade route). 1996 Chobhar Landslide (Kathmandu) Deforestation & monsoon - 54 deaths, 100+ displaced. - Buried settlements near Kathmandu. - Exposed risks of urban hill encroachment. 1993 Central/Eastern Nepal Landslides Intense monsoon rains - Part of the 1993 floods; 1,336 deaths (combined floods/landslides). - 25,000+ homes destroyed.

18. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) GLOF

19. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) GLOF The inset shows the location of Nepal. Potential dangerous glacial lakes in Nepal (ICIMOD 2011). D1, D2, and D3 indicate danger/ criticalpriority with D1 the highest priority that requires monitoring, extensive field investigation and mapping. Here, 1 = Thulagi (Dona); 2 = Tsho Rolpa;3 = Lumding Tsho; 4 = Imja Tsho; 5 = Chamlang South Tsho; 6 = Barun Tsho (Lower)

20. As per the  ICOIMOD  inventory, 2,070 lakes in Nepal are beyond 3000m 2 in area. Among them, 1,410 lakes that are larger than 20,000m 2 are capable of causing GLOF in future. Further investigation of each of these lakes showed that Forty-seven glacial lakes are potentially dangerous glacial lakes. Among them, 89%, i.e. 42, lies in the Koshi Basin alone. Three lies in the Gandaki basin and two glacier lakes are in the Karnali basin.  Further study shows that three hundred fifty other lakes above 20,000m 2 will likely cause a flood in mountains by 2050, which means 25% of all glacier lakes in Nepal will be gone.  

21. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) GLOF Date Lake/River Location Impact August 4, 1985 Dig Tsho Khumbu region Destroyed Namche hydropower plant ($1.5 million damage), 14 bridges, 30 houses, farmland, trails; 3-5 casualties July 12, 1991 Zhangzangbo Poiqu/Bhote Koshi River basin Destroyed Friendship Bridge at Nepal-China border, Bhote Koshi hydropower plant ($4 million damage), highway damage across 27 km, 47 houses destroyed September 3, 1998 Tam Pokhari Dudh Koshi basin Flash flood destroyed 6 bridges, damaged multiple houses, farmlands, trekking trails; 2-3 casualties May 5, 2012 Seti River Kaski district Flash flood killed 72 people, destroyed dozens of buildings, damaged Pokhara water supply April 20, 2017 Barun River Makalu region Flash flooding destroyed bridges, trekking routes, affected local communities in Sankhuwasabha district June 15, 2019 Nuplung glacier lake Nupchu & Bhotekoshi River Damaged 19 houses, multiple bridges, roads and hydropower infrastructure; displaced 56 families

22. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) GLOF Date Lake/Location Region Impact August 16, 2024 Two unnamed glacier lakes above Thame Everest region, Nepal 135 people displaced in Thame village; 20 tourist guest houses destroyed; 2 other lakes in high alert condition April 21, 2024 Birendra Lake Manaslu region, Gorkha, Nepal Flooding in Chumanubri Rural Municipality; minimal impact to Samagaon village due to distance from lake October 4, 2023 South Lhonak Lake Sikkim, India Over 100 fatalities; extensive destruction to infrastructure and communities August 14, 2023 Lake in Kagkholā Mustang district, Nepal 31 houses/hotels destroyed in Kagbeni Bazaar; 1 solid bridge and 2 suspension bridges washed away August 5, 2023 Ponkar lake Manang district, Nepal 7 houses destroyed, 21 damaged, 200+ people displaced, 3 bridges collapsed

23. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Drought

24. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Drought Agricultural Impacts Climate-induced droughts have severely affected Nepal's agriculture, particularly impacting winter crops like wheat and vegetables. In 2024, prolonged winter droughts led to minimal rainfall, with only 7.5 mm recorded from December to February compared to the usual 60.1 mm, causing poor yields and threatening food security. Historical data shows that severe droughts, such as in 2008/2009, reduced major food crop production by 15%,

25. Impact of climate induce natural hazard (Flood, Landslide, GLOF, and Drought) Drought Water Resource Impacts Droughts have significantly reduced water availability Economic and Social Consequences The economic loss is substantial, with reported losses of Rs415.44 billion in farm and off-farm activities over the past five years, reflecting the financial burden on communities. Socially, droughts drive migration as farmers seek alternative livelihoods, and competition for water resources increases the potential for social conflicts, adding to community stress.

26. Disaster Risk Reduction Management cycle The Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) Cycle provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how to address disasters throughout their lifecycle.

27. Disaster Risk Reduction Management cycle 1. Prevention Prevention activities focus on completely avoiding the potential impacts of hazards and mean to minimize disasters in general. Unlike mitigation which aims to lessen impacts, prevention seeks to ensure that disasters do not occur at all when possible. Prevention measures include: Structural engineering measures and appropriate construction to ensure resistance to hazards Legislation that prohibits construction in high-risk zones Water management systems to prevent flooding or drought Environmental policies that prevent landslides, such as reforestation programs Complete relocation of settlements from disaster-prone areas to safer locations

28. 2. Mitigation Mitigation involves measures that actually eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence, or reduce the effects of unavoidable disasters. Mitigation measures include: Building codes and zoning Vulnerability analyses and risk assessment Hazard mapping Hazard and vulnerability assessment Land use management Preventive health care and public education In some cases the term prevention/mitigation as a combined heading is used for action within these two segments." Examples of mitigation measures from the document include: Constructing dams or levees to control floodwaters Controlled burning in bushfire-prone areas prior to high fire-risk season Land-use regulations that prevent development in vulnerable disaster-prone areas

29. 3. Preparedness Preparedness refers to consolidating preparations to face the next disaster. The main aim is to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to respond to any emergency situation. Preparedness involves: Formulating and maintaining valid, updated counter-disaster plans Special provisions for emergency actions like evacuations Early Warning systems Emergency communications Training programs with exercises and tests Construction of shelters Preparation of hazard maps Food and material stockpiling Emergency drills Preparation of emergency kits

30. 4. Rescue Rescue focuses specifically on saving lives immediately after a disaster strikes. This critical phase involves swift action to locate and extract people from dangerous situations. Rescue activities include: Search and rescue operations in affected areas Extraction of trapped or stranded individuals Emergency medical triage and first aid treatment Evacuation of populations from high-risk areas Deployment of specialized rescue teams and equipment Coordination of rescue efforts across multiple agencies Firefighting and containment of secondary hazards Monitoring for secondary disasters The rescue phase often involves specialized teams with technical equipment and training, working under extreme time pressure to save lives.

31. 5. Relief Relief provides immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health, and support the morale of the affected population. This phase focuses on meeting basic needs in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Relief activities include: Provision of temporary shelter and establishment of tent villages Distribution of food, water, clothing, and essential supplies Emergency medical care and disease prevention Psychosocial support for trauma victims Restoration of critical services (water, electricity, communication) Protection of vulnerable populations Assessment of immediate needs Securing affected areas "humanitarian organizations are often strongly present in this phase of disaster management cycle" as they provide expertise in rapid humanitarian response.

32. 6. Recovery Recovery focuses on restoring and improving facilities, livelihoods, and living conditions of disaster-affected communities. Recovery refers to "post disaster initiatives taken with a purpose to achieve early rehabilitation of affected communities." Recovery involves: Restoring basic infrastructure and services Returning the community to normal functioning Continuing activities until all systems return to normal or better Implementing disaster-resistant reconstruction Livelihood support programs Temporary housing provision Health and safety education Counseling programs recovery activities continue until all systems return to normal or better, recovery should aim not just to restore previous conditions but to build back better with enhanced resilience.

33. Community-based Disaster Management • Community-based disaster management (CBDM) is an approach to building the capacity of communities to assess their vulnerability to both human-induced and natural hazards and develop strategies and resources necessary to prevent and/or mitigate the impact of identified threats and respond to rehabilitate, reconstruct following its onset. • CBDM strategies have become increasingly important in global climate change, increased populations expanding into more vulnerable regions, and the heightened recognition of a need for more significant linkages between top-down governmental and community-level responses. • CBDM empowers communities to be proactive in disaster management and creates a space to develop strategies on their own terms rather than waiting for overstretched governments and NGOs.

34. Community-based Disaster Management • Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM) or Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is the practice of disaster risk management in which at-risk communities actively identify, analyze, and assess the disaster risks for their own pursuits to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capabilities. • CBDM is actually an approach to disaster management where the communities at risk are at the center of the disaster. That involves the community in a way that they decide what to do when to do and how to do it to minimize the risk of disaster.

35. Five essential requisites for CBRM/CBDRM Capability building in disaster management - sustained education and training activities; sustained public awareness using local language and culture Community Disaster Response Organization - disaster management teams, disaster response committee, disaster management committee, disaster management network; etc. Counter Disaster Plan – Emergency/Contingency Plan; Counter Disaster Plan; Preparedness and Mitigation Plan; Community Development Plan Disasters Risk Reduction –linking vulnerability reduction and capacity building to achieving sustainable people- centred development Partnerships in Disaster Risk Reduction - partnerships of the vulnerable sectors with less vulnerable groups in CBDM; partnerships of the community with local government, NGOs and other communities

36. 7 steps and process of CBDRM Selection of the community Rapport building and understanding of the identified community Participatory community risk assessment Participatory action planning Formation of Community Disaster Response Organization Community-led implementation of the project Participatory monitoring and evaluation of the CBDRM project

37. 7 features of CBDRM Enhanced Communication on Disaster Risk : Information and data become more balanced and complete, enabling faster and more efficient sharing among all stakeholders involved. Peer-to-Peer Knowledge Sharing : Knowledge and best practices are exchanged directly between community members and experts or facilitators. Time Efficiency : While the initial stages involve significant time, the long-term benefits make the approach more sustainable and resilient. Cost Efficiency : Local resources—such as knowledge, labor, skills, and capital—are utilized to their fullest, reducing dependency on external support. Increased Effectiveness : The involvement of multiple stakeholders guarantees that more individuals and groups within the community develop the skills needed for local risk reduction, enhancing overall preparedness. Community Legitimacy : Programs are perceived as more inclusive and community-friendly. By addressing root causes of vulnerability—such as gender inequality, age, and social class—participation creates opportunities for marginalized groups to have a voice. Commitment to Equality : Equality is a non-negotiable principle. The focus is on addressing unequal risk distribution and prioritizing the needs of the most vulnerable populations.

38. 7 elements of CBDRM People’s Participation - Community members are the main actors and propellers; while sustaining the CBDM process, they also directly share in the benefits of disaster preparedness, mitigation, and development. Priority for the most vulnerable groups, families, and people in the community – In urban areas, the most vulnerable sectors are generally the urban poor and informal sector, while in rural areas, these are the subsistence farmers, fisherfolk, and indigenous people; also more vulnerable are the elderly, the differently-abled, children, and women (because of their caregiving and social function roles). Risk reduction measures are community-specific and are identified after an analysis of the community’s disaster risk (hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities) and consideration of varying perceptions of disaster risk. Existing coping mechanisms and capacities are recognized - CBDM builds upon and strengthens existing coping strategies and capacities; the most common social/organizational values and mechanisms are cooperation, community/people’s organizations, and local knowledge and resources. The aim is to reduce vulnerabilities by strengthening capacities ; the goal is to build disaster-resilient communities. Links disaster risk reduction with development - Addresses vulnerable conditions and causes of vulnerabilities. Outsiders have to support and facilitate roles - NGOs have supporting, facilitating, and catalytic roles, but while NGOs should plan for phase-out, the government’s role is integral to enabling and institutionalizing the CBDM process; partnerships with less vulnerable groups and other communities.

39. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 was adopted at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held from 14 to 18 March 2015 in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, which represented a unique opportunity for countries: To adopt a concise, focused, forward-looking and action-oriented post 2015 framework for disaster risk reduction; To complete the assessment and review of the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters To consider the experience gained through the regional and national strategies/ institutions and plans for disaster risk reduction and their recommendations, as well as relevant regional agreements for the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action; To identify modalities of cooperation based on commitments to implement a post 2015 framework for disaster risk reduction; To determine modalities for the periodic review of the implementation of a post 2015 framework for disaster risk reduction.

40. Sendai Framework Scope and purpose The present framework will apply to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters, caused by natural or manmade hazards as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks. It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors Expected outcome The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries

41. Sendai Framework Goal Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated and inclusive economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political and institutional measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience

42. Targets of Sendai Framework Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030 , aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality between 2020-2030 compared to 2005-2015 Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000 between 2020-2030 compared to 2005-2015 Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030 Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030 Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020 Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this framework by 2030 Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to people by 2030

43. Priorities for Action of Sendai Framework 1. Understanding Disaster Risk Disaster risk management requires a clear understanding of risk in all its dimensions. This includes vulnerability, capacity, exposure of people and assets, hazard characteristics, and environmental factors. 2. Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance Effective disaster risk governance at national, regional, and global levels is crucial. It ensures coherence across laws, regulations, and policies, defining roles and responsibilities. This framework encourages public and private sectors to act and address disaster risks. 3. Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience Investments in disaster risk reduction—through structural and non-structural measures—are vital. They enhance economic, social, health, and cultural resilience for individuals, communities, and the environment. These investments drive innovation, growth, and job creation while saving lives and reducing losses. 4. Enhancing Disaster Preparedness and Building Back Better Strengthening disaster preparedness ensures effective response and recovery. Preparedness includes planning for recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction to "Build Back Better." This phase integrates disaster risk reduction measures and promotes gender-equitable and inclusive approaches, led by women and persons with disabilities.

44. Guiding Principle of Sendai Framework Guiding Principles Primary responsibility of States to prevent and reduce disaster risk, including through cooperation. Shared responsibility between central Government and national authorities, sectors and stakeholders as appropriate to national circumstances. Protection of persons and their assets while promoting and protecting all human rights including the right to development. Engagement from all of society. Full engagement of all State institutions of an executive and legislative nature at national and local levels. Empowerment of local authorities and communities through resources, incentives and decision-making responsibilities as appropriate.

45. Guiding Principle of Sendai Framework Guiding Principles Decision-making to be inclusive and risk-informed while using a multi-hazard approach. Coherence of disaster risk reduction and sustainable development policies, plans, practices and mechanisms across different sectors. Accounting of local and specific characteristics of disaster risks when determining measures to reduce risk. Addressing underlying risk factors cost-effectively through investment versus relying primarily on post-disaster response and recovery. “Build Back Better” for preventing the creation of, and reducing existing, disaster risk. The quality of global partnership and international cooperation to be effective, meaningful and strong. Support from developed countries and partners to developing countries to be tailored according to needs and priorities as identified by them.