Climate change is no more an environmental concern. It has been emerged as te biggest developmental challenge for the planet..pptx

Climate scientists have showed that humans are responsible for virtually all global heating over the last 200 years. Human activities like the ones mentioned above are causing greenhouse gases that are warming the world faster than at any time in at least the last two thousand years.

The average temperature of the Earth’s surface is now about 1.2°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s (before the industrial revolution) and warmer than at any time in the last 100,000 years. The last decade (2011-2020) was the warmest on record, and each of the last four decades has been warmer than any previous decade since 1850.

Many people think climate change mainly means warmer temperatures. But temperature rise is only the beginning of the story. Because the Earth is a system, where everything is connected, changes in one area can influence changes in all others.

The consequences of climate change now include, among others, intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and declining biodiversity.

1. Climate change is no more an environmental concern. It has emerged as the biggest developmental challenge for the planet. ( UNDP 2009 ) 1

2. 2 Crop diversification and intensification options for sustaining productivity and profitability in rainfed conditions under climate change scenario Akshay K Yogi Roll No. 11448 Division of Agronomy ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi-110012

3. Introduction Approaches of crop diversification Viable options for diversification Research findings Conclusions Outline…… 3 3

4. 4 Rainfed agriculture scenario Crop land area 1.5 b ha Rainfed agriculture 1.2 b ha 82% of crop land area 60% cereal grain production 40% population Net cultivated area 143 m ha Rainfed agriculture 95 m ha 67% of NCA 44 % Food Production 40 % Human Population ( Bana et al ., 2013) India World

5. About 55% of India’s agriculture land is rainfed contributing 40% to the national food basket. Why Rainfed farming is our concern? NRRA, 2014 5 5

6. Per capita water availability (m 3 /capita/year) in India Rattan et al . (2014) 6

7. Projected population growth (in billions) and household demand for food Srinivasarao et al. (2015) World India The challenges Target food production and nutritional security Soil health and second generation problems Percent of world population 7

8. Percent rainfed area to net sown area and major rainfed production systems of India Percent rainfed area to net sown area NRAA (2012) 8

9. Poor resources base of the farmers Inadequate facilities for supply of quality inputs Rapid degradation of soil and loss of soil fertility Small and staggered land holdings Frequent drought and impact of climate change Poor market linkages Features of Rainfed ecosystems Gamble of monsoon…… 9

10. Small Holders… Marginal(0-1 ha) Small(1-2 ha) Medium(2-4ha) Big(Above 4 ha) Average size of land holdings Source: National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) Source: DAC, Agriculture Census Division 2010-11, MoA Small land holdings Per capita land availability 0.5 ha in 1950-51 0.15 ha in 2015 0.10 ha in 2020 10

11. 11

12. 12 Production: Reduced crop yield, particularly in south Asia Soil: Drier, reduced productivity Irrigation: Increased demand, reduced supply Pests: Increased ranges and populations Livestock: Increased diseases and heat stress Fishery: Affected abundance and spawning Economic impact: Reduced agricultural output Impact of climate change on agriculture

13. Crop diversification diversion of a sizable acreage from the existing crop system to some alternative crops/cropping systems/farm enterprises , while maintaining a general equilibrium of meeting the 4F needs (food, fodder, fibre and fuel 13

14. Existing cropping system balanced & profitable system Food and feed Soil fertility & agro-ecosystem 14 Crop diversification

15. Crop diversification - two approaches 1) Horizontal diversification: Crop intensification Crop substitution 2) Vertical diversification: Value addition to products Crop rotation Intercropping 15

16. An inch of land and a bunch of crops 16

17. Making agriculture green again …Sustainable Intensification Multiple cropping Mixed Cropping Strip Cropping Intercropping relay intercropping Alley Cropping Crop rotation Agri -horticulture system Ley farming Pasture management Silvi -pastoral management Carbon sequestration 17

18. Intercropping Better buffering against climatic extremes More efficient use of resources Less problems with pests and diseases Agro foresty Sustainale Intensification C-sequestration Diversified Agro ecology Alley cropping Secure farm income Diverified farming Conservation benefits Improve crop production and protection Crop Rotation Optimal resurces use Complementary\Symbiotic Pest management Nutrient recycling Soil health 18

19. Interventions based on NRI, ILI and productivity Rainfed rice SSNM and OFR for sustaining and improving the productivity Diversified farming, Improved varieties along with INM Sorghum Production System integration with livestock, Farm mechanization and post-harvest infrastructure. In-situ and ex-situ water conservation measures plus INM Pearl millet ( bajra ) Production System Silvipasture management and integration with sheep, arid horticulture, particularly ‘ ber ’ with provision of supplemental irrigation through drip Intercropping of bajra with pigeon pea as NR is good Maize Production System soil and water conservation measures, Integrated farming systems approach intercropping of maize with blackgram (2:2) ; Low P Ridge and furrow making, use of herbicides for weed control, intercropping of maize with soybean (2:6) ; High P 19 NRAA, 2012

20. Interventions based on NRI, ILI and productivity Ragi Production System Integrated farming systems approach Ragi with pigeonpea in (3:2), Sowing across the slope in-situ soil moisture conservation measure, silt application G roundnut Production System IFS approach with focus on small ruminants. Improved varieties, provision of village seed bank, in-situ soil moisture conservation measures, SSNM, intercropping with pigeon pea cotton+groundnut in (1:2) groundnut + sesamum in (2:1) C otton Production System Rainwater harvesting balanced fertilization cotton+groundnut (1:2), SSNM Chickpea Production System Introduction of short duration varieties or crop substitution with lentil/ moth bean, etc. Rhizobium and Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB). seed priming and treatment with chickpea with mustard 20 NRAA, 2012

21. System Row ratio Potential areas Sorghum + pigeonpea 2:1 Semi-arid red soil regions of southern Telengana , semi-arid black soils of Vidarbha region and semi-arid black soils of Malwa plateau Pearl millet + pigeonpea 2:1 Semi-arid black soils of Deccan region of Maharashtra as well as Karnataka and semi-arid black soils of Saurashtra Pigeonpea + soybean 1:1 Semi-arid/sub-humid black soils of Madhya Pradesh and sub-humid red soils of Chotanagpur region Sorghum + mung bean 1:1 Semi-arid black soils of Bidarbha and Marathwada region Pigeonpea + sunflower 1:1 Semi-arid black soils of Deccan region of Maharashtra Finger millet + pigeonpea 4:2 Sub-humid red soils of Orissa and semi-arid red soils of southern Karnataka Groundnut + pigeonpea 5:1 3:1 Semi-arid red soils of Rayalaseema Maize + mung bean 1:1 Sub-humid submontane regions of northwest Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and semi-arid black soils of Malwa plateau 21 Cropping system suitablity for rainfed regions

22. 22 Research findings

23. Components Area (ha) Gross returns ( Lakh ) Cost ( Lakh ) NR( Lakh ) Gujarat (SK Nagar)* Field crop based system (Groundnut-wheat-green gram; Fodder bajra - fodder maize+oat -fodder bajra ; boundary plantation), 3 livestock; vermicompost 0.40 1.0 0.74 0.26 Kerala (Calicut & Thiruvananthapuram ) Calicut: Spice based system (Turmeric, ginger, fodder, vegetable cowpea, tapioca, banana, vermicompost, 4 cows) 0.40 3.48 2.4 1.1 Meghalaya ( Umiam ) Field & horticulture based system (Cereals + pulses + vegetables + fruits + fodder) + Dairy (1 cow + 1 calf) + fishery + vermicompost 0.43 1.31 0.56 0.74 Rajasthan (Udaipur)* Field crop based (Green manure-okra-maize; greenmanure -cotton- red gram, fodder, pest repellant cafeteria, Teak, banana, Annual moringa , desmanthus , 1 milch cow, 1 heifer & 1bull calf + vermicompost + boundary plantations (Gliricidia, coconut) 0.40 5.34 2.16 3.18 Economic performance of IOFS model at different locations Source : Annual Report 2018-19, ICAR-IIFSR, MODIPURAM IFOS : Integrated organic farming system 23

24. Economics of Horticulture based Farming system Model System Gross returns Net Returns COC B:C Ratio Fruit based system(0.4 ha) 2,10,520 1,50,266 60,254 3.49 Vegetable based system(0.5 ha), 1,88,550 97,782 90,768 2.07 Crop based system(0.5 ha) 1,90,748 125198 65,550 2.90 Pond-Dyke system(0.10 ha) 29,200 16,500 12,700 2.29 Total 6,19018 3,89,746 2,36,272 2.48 SOURCE : Annual Report 2018-19, ICAR-IIFSR MODIPURAM 24

25. Performance of crops in the fodder system module Crop Area (m2 ) Production (kg) Fodder sufficient for number of days Productivity ( t|ha ) Normal Productivity (t/ha) Maize+ cowpea- sorghum +cowpea- berseem (0.05 ha) Maize + Cowpea 500 2780 92 55.6 29.3 ± 5 Sorghum+ cowpea 500 2860 95 57.2 49 ± 10 Berseem 500 2150 71 43.0 80 ± 20 Gross 1500 7790 258 - - Sorghum +cowpea – maize +cowpea- oat (0.05 ha) Sorghum+ cowpea 500 2765 92 55.3 49 ± 10 Maize + Cowpea 500 2685 89 53.7 29.3 ± 5 Oat 500 1550 52 31.0 67 ± 28 Gross 1500 7000 233 25 Annual Report ,2018-19 IIFSR, MODIPURUM

26. Gangwar and Singh (2011 ) Effect of crop diversification on productivity, profitability, land use and employment generation efficiency Treatment       System productivity (kg/ha/day)   System profitability (Rs/ha/day)   Land use efficiency (%)   Employment generation efficiency (%)   Pearl millet-wheat 15.38 161.66 50.14 25.21 Pearl millet-mustard 13.13 124.96 56.16 19.45 Pearl millet- Isabgol 12.42 118.81 53.42 23.29 Cluster bean-wheat 16.17 182.60 58.08 26.85 Cluster bean-mustard 15.29 161.67 60.82 25.48 Cluster bean- Isabgol 13.43 137.09 58.08 26.30 Sesame-wheat 14.17 131.01 54.25 23.29 Sesame-mustard 12.50 107.99 60.27 22.47 Sesame- Isabgol 10.56 81.20 57.53 24.11 Castor sole 15.46 180.31 65.75 28.77 26

27. Effect of intercropping system on WEY, LER and CR WEY WEY (t\ha) LER Competitive ratio Wheat Chickpea Intercropping system Sole wheat 4.47 1.0 - - Sole chickpea 1.27 1.0 - - W+C (1:1) 4.85 1.5 1.60 0.63 W+C (1:2) 4.17 1.43 2.24 0.46 W+C (1:3) 3.49 1.31 2.51 0.41 W+C (2:1) 5.19 1.41 1.51 0.67 W+C (2:2) 4.27 1.33 1.56 0.64 W+C (2:3) 4.19 1.38 1.90 0.54 W+C (3:1) 4.95 1.33 1.15 0.89 W+C (3:2) 3.81 1.13 1.32 0.77 W+C (3:3) 3.85 1.20 1.52 0.66 L.S.D. (0.05) 0.39 0.13 0.38 0.11 CV (%) 6.17 % 5.75 % 10.3 % 9.39 % Singh et al ., 2019 27 WEY: Wheat equivalent Yield LER: Land equivalent yield CR : Competition Ratio

28. Effect of intercropping on productivity and profitability of soybean based (2:2) systems Intercropping system Soybean yield (kg/ha) Lentil yield (kg/ha) system productivity (SEY, t/ha) Net Return (Rs/ha) Soybean + pigeonpea-lentil 432 584 4.69 97238 Soybean + sorghum-Lentil 465 604 1.76 22599 Soybean + urdbean -Lentil 481 1049 2.42 43128 Soybean + maize-Lentil 483 765 1.94 27390 Soybean + sesame-Lentil 445 750 2.05 33207 Soybean+pigeon pea Soybean+ maize Soybean+ sorghum Praharaj et al. (2016) 28

29. Effect of intercropping on B:C of sole and different maize-legume systems Choudhary and Kumar (2015) 29

30. Gangwar and Singh (2011) Changes in soil fertility status under diversification of cropping sequences Treatment   Available N (kg/ha) Available P (kg/ha) Available K 2 O (kg/ha) Pearl millet-wheat 225 19 470 Pearl millet-mustard 230 19 470 Pearl millet- Isabgol 236 22 468 Cluster bean-wheat 240 22 464 Cluster bean-mustard 239 23 471 Cluster bean- Isabgol 245 24 470 Sesame-wheat 233 21 470 Sesame-mustard 230 21 468 Sesame- Isabgol 239 22 469 Castor sole 210 17 470 CD (P=0.05) 27.0 1.20 NS 30

31. Variation in total soil organic C content (0–0.2 m) across treatments and cropping systems Total soil organic carbon (Mg C ha) Treatment Cropping system Age (years) Initial soil Control NPK NPK 1 FYM/ compost Mean R–M–S 7 37 25.81 39.17 40.2 35.87 R–W–F 19 33 30.1 35.2 37.2 34.13 R–F–B 20 30.4 28.9 31.7 36.1 32.05 R–W–J 34 27.9 26.2 30.0 34.6 29.8 R–F–R 36 31.6 29.8 39.8 46.1 37.2 Mean 32.2 28.2 35.2 38.9 33.81 31 R–M–S, rice–mustard–sesame; R–W–F, rice–wheat–fallow; R–F–B, rice–fallow– berseem ; R–W–J, rice–wheat–jute; R–F–R, rice– FYM, farmyard manure. Mandal et al ., 2007

32. PROBLEMS Solutions Absence of consolidation of holdings and group farming Locational disadvantages Illiteracy of farmers, Total collapse of agricultural extension system and Transport and marketing facilities Lack of tolerant varieties and crops for excess moisture Location and resource based diversification Climate smart agriculture Sustainable intensification Climate smart village ICT and extension services IFS based approach Holistic and cluster approach Watershed based models 32

33. Crop diversification through inclusion of legumes, oilseeds, vegetables, medicinal and aromatic plants and agroforestry in rainfed regions has a paramount importance to increase agricultural productivity, profitability and sustainability over a period of time. However, location specific crop diversification options in harmony with other farm enterprises may provide sustainable production and livelihood to the small and marginal farmers of the rainfed regions. Conclusions Crop diversification including above- and below-ground biological diversity can improve soil fertility and hydrothermal properties and result in efficient utilization of solar radiation. Farmers’ participatory approach for generation of realistic technology is very important for successful crop diversification programme 33

34. 34 “ Working together to ensure that the world’s agriculture can sustainably feed and nourish humanity and secure livelihoods in the face of a changing climate ”