clinical laboratories 2024.pptx The clinical laboratory is a place where blood, body fluids, and other biological specimens are tested, analyzed, or evaluated.

The clinical laboratory is a place where blood, body fluids, and other biological specimens are tested, analyzed, or evaluated.

1. Clinical laboratory Clinical Instrumentation Principles Baghdad University Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering Biomedical Engineering Department Lecture 1 Prepared by: Assistant Lecturer Alaa Aldoori Fourth stage /2025

2. Class code ckyo3ib Mid exam 20 Quiz 10 Seminars 5 reports 5 TOTAL 40 Final exam 60 [email protected]

3. Contents : Medical diagnosis with chemical test Departments of clinical laboratories Clinical Instrumentation Principles

4. The clinical laboratory is a place where blood, body fluids, and other biological specimens are tested, analyzed, or evaluated. The clinical laboratory is responsible for: Analyzing patient specimens to provide information To aid in diagnosis of disease To evaluate effectiveness of therapy What is the Clinical laboratory ??

5. Today clinical laboratories as well as other healthcare delivery systems face a variety of challenges and these include : Rising costs Quality personnel Advancing technologies Governmental regulations

6. Departments of the Clinical Laboratory

7. Test procedures can be performed : ( plasma, serum, urine, and other body fluids such as spinal fluid and joint fluid.) Procedures performed in the clinical chemistry department ( blood glucose cholesterol, assays of heart and liver enzymes, and electrolytes (chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, and sodium). Sub departments in clinical chemistry: ( Special chemistry and Toxicology) 1- Chemistry Section Spectrophotometer

8. Most hematology tests involve studying the cellular components of blood. Hematology procedures can be 1- Quantitative : counts of the various blood components 2- Qualitative : blood components are observed for qualities 2- Hematology Section

9. The microbiology department is responsible for culturing and identifying microorganisms. Generally, the common bacteria, viruses ( virology) , fungi ( mycology) , and parasites ( Parasitology ) are identified in a typical clinical laboratory. 3- Microbiology Section

10. Often specimens for virology and mycology are sent to a reference laboratory for culture and identification. Because cultures of pathogenic fungi as well as mycobacteria must be handled with special care

11. Clinical chemistry analyzers utilize different technologies for measuring analyses in patient samples. Some of the technologies used are: Photometry and Spectrophotometry Reflectance photometry Nephelometry and turbidimetry Ion-selective electrodes Electrochemical ( amperometry ) Clinical Instrumentation Principles

12. What is Spectrophotometry? Absorption Spectrum?!(Electromagnetic Spectrum) Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. For most laboratory applications, wavelengths in the range of the ultraviolet (200-400 nm), the visible (400-700 nm), or the near infrared (700-800 nm) are used.

13. What is Photometry? Photometry is the science of the measurement of light, in terms of its perceived brightness to the human eye. Since the human eye is only sensitive to visible light, photometry only falls in that range. Visible light spectrum, when abeam of light passes through a colored solution, it interacts with matters in the solution and the result may be refraction, reflection , absorbtion and transmission among others.

14. Reflectance photometers measure light that is reflected by a colored product. The reflected light is detected by a photocell , and the information is converted into the appropriate units. Use solid phase chemistry technology , meaning that reagents are present in dried form in the test unit. 2- Reflectance Photometry

15. A popular automated instrument for in vitro reading of urine test strips based on the principle of reflectance photometry is the CLINITEK from M/s Siemens.

16. The area in which the reagents are located is called the test area or reagent pad . The resulting color of the final product is detected by reflectance photometry.

17. Nephelometry is a technique used to measure light scatter caused by particles in a solution. The amount of scattering is dependent upon several factors: Particle size Molecular weight of the particle Concentration of particles Wavelength of the incident light Distance of the light from the cuvette holding the solution 3- Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

18. Turbidity depends upon the measurement of light transmitted through a suspension of particles and the technique is based on Beer’s law. What is the Turbidimetry

19. Turbidimetry measures the intensity of a beam of light transmitted through the sample , and nephelometry measures the light that is scattered at an angle away from the beam

20. Nephelometer is an analytical instrument used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. Specifications Measuring principle: Measurement of the scattered light intensity in a fixed angle of 13°–24° Sample throughput: 130 tests/h Reagent volume: 40 μl Measuring temperature: 37 ± 1.5 °C Light source: Infrared high performance LED, wavelength at 840 ± 25 nm. Detector: Photodiode with integrated preamplifier

21. Electrodes are probes that measure ions in solution. A common use of electrodes in clinical chemistry is to measure hydrogen ion concentration using a pH meter. Two electrodes are required for ion-selective electrode analysis. One electrode contains a known concentration of the ion to be measured and is called the reference electrode. The other electrode, which is responsive only to the ion being measured, is exposed to the unknown solution. 4- Ion-Selective Electrodes

22. Electrochemical cell for a potentiometric measurement

23. This technology include amperometry and coulometry Blood Glucose Meter using this technology include ACCU-CHEK meters (Roche Diagnostics), the FreeStyle glucose meters and i-STAT (Abbott Laboratories), and Paradigm Link glucose monitor (Medtronic Minimed ). An enzyme electrode containing a reagent such as glucose oxidase . 5- Electrochemical Technology ( amperometry )

24. Working electrode: Electrons are produced on the working electrode during the chemical reaction. Reference electrode: This electrode is held at a constant voltage (−0.4 V) with respect to the working electrode to aid the desired chemical reactions. Counter (trigger) electrode: This electrode is used to supply current to the working electrode .

25. Thank you H.W What is Laboratory Information Management System (LMIS)? What is the basic workflow of a laboratory information management system? What are the basic stages of a laboratory information management system?