Clinical Pathology unit -1.pptx

Presentation about clinical pathology

1. Clinical Pathology

2. Basic Pathology Unit 1: General Pathology 1. Introduction to Pathology 2. Fields of pathology 3. Importance of Pathology 4. Application of Pathology in Laboratory diagnosis

3. Introduction to Pathology Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids, and whole bodies (autopsies ). The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance.

4. Early systematic human dissections were carried out by the Ancient Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios in the early part of the third century BC . The first physician known to have made postmortem dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar (1091–1161). Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. Most early pathologists were also practicing physicians or surgeons.

5. A pathologist is a medical healthcare provider who examines bodies and body tissues. He or she is also responsible for performing lab tests. A pathologist helps other healthcare providers reach diagnoses and is an important member of the treatment team.

6. Fields of pathology There are three main subtypes of pathology: anatomical pathology, clinical pathology, and molecular pathology. These subtypes can be broken down into even more specific categories; pathology is a diverse field because so many different diseases and ways of studying diseases exist.

7. Anatomical Pathology Anatomical pathology is the study of anatomical features, such as tissue removed from the body, or even an entire body in the case of an  autopsy , to diagnose and increase knowledge of disease. Anatomical pathology can include looking at cells under a microscope, but it also involves looking at organs in general (e.g. a ruptured  spleen ). It also includes investigation of the chemical properties of cells, and their immunological markers. There are several broad subcategories of anatomical pathology:

8. Surgical pathology Surgical pathology  is the examination of tissues removed during surgery. A common example is the examination of a small piece of tumor tissue to determine whether the tumor is malignant (cancerous) or benign and make a diagnosis. This procedure is called a  biopsy .

9. Histopathology Histopathology  is the examination of cells under a microscope that have been stained with dye to make them visible or easier to see. Often , antibodies are used to label different parts of the cells with different colors of dye or fluorescence. After the microscope became widespread in pathology, many different methods of preserving and dyeing tissue were developed.

10. Cytopathology Cytopathology  is the study of small groups of cells shed in bodily fluids or obtained through scraping, such as those taken during a cervical Pap smear. A Pap smear detects cervical cancer and some types of infections. The cells are taken by swabbing the cervix, and are then processed and examined under a microscope to check for abnormalities.

11. Clinical Pathology Clinical pathology diagnoses disease through laboratory analysis of bodily fluids and tissues. For example, the chemical components of  blood  may be analyzed, along with analyzing cells and identifying any microorganisms such as  bacteria  that are present in a sample. Sometimes , the field of clinical pathology is also referred to as the field of laboratory medicine . Major types include the following:

12. Chemical pathology , or  clinical chemistry Chemical pathology , or  clinical chemistry , involves the chemical analysis of bodily fluids, through testing and microscopy . Commonly, chemical pathology involves the study of blood and its immune components like white blood cells.

13. Hematology   Hematology  is also related to the study of blood, but it has more to do with identifying blood diseases specifically than chemical pathology does . Hematologists also study the  lymph  system and bone marrow, which are other parts of the hematopoietic system.

14. Immunology , or  immunopathology Immunology , or  immunopathology , is the study of immune system disorders. It deals with immune responses to foreign molecules, allergies, immunodeficiencies , and organ transplant rejection.

15. Molecular Pathology Molecular pathology is the study of abnormalities of tissues and cells at the molecular level . It is a broad category that is used to refer to the study of disease of any organ or tissue in the body by examining what molecules are present in cells . It can combine aspects of both anatomical and clinical pathology . Some techniques that can be used in molecular pathology include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA, fluorescence labeling, karyotype imaging of chromosomes, and DNA microarrays (small samples of DNA placed onto biochips).

16. Importance of Pathology General knowledge of how disease are caused General patterns and classification of diseases Evolution of disease from its causes to clinical presentation The signs and symptoms of disease Nature, spread and precautions to prevent common disease Know the different disciplines that makeup pathology Better understand the patient and his disease.

17. Application of Pathology in Laboratory diagnosis Understand the problem : The study of pathology helps the doctor in the investigation, interpretive, and management skills of the pathologists. This process helps them understand the cause of the problem, and accordingly, the doctors work to obtain the cure.

18. Place for the experiment : It is often said that the clinical pathology is the place where the doctor carries all the experiments. Plus, it is the only place where all the medicines, vaccines, etc. The purpose of clinical pathology is very vast and dynamic. Creation of vaccines : The improvement skills and the pathologists’ management skills help them create a better future. However, it is possible by creating medicines or vaccines for rare diseases.

19. Cure patient : Clinical pathology works for patients who get admitted to hospitals. Moreover, to cure such a patient is the prime objective of the pathologists. Also, they work for the general patient population with the help of their investigation skills and management skills. Run analysis : Analyzing clinical data and the research data is an integral part of the clinical pathology to obtain a perfect result. Generally, the result is 100 % effective and lies in the proper researches. For this purpose, they take the help of the medicines or any chemicals and the equipment to conduct any experiments.

20. Manage lab : The pathologists’ most crucial goal here is to manage a successful laboratory where all the necessary equipment is present. Along with that, there are proper arrangements of evacuation or availability of first aids in times of emergencies. Keeping an eye on the entire gadget is also a part of the plan where the pathologists are in charge of taking care of laboratory gadgets; they need to inform the higher authority for replacing tools or lab wears if anything broken.