Clinical Pharmacy.pptx

Title: Clinical Pharmacy: Enhancing Patient Care through Medication Optimization

Description:

Welcome to the world of Clinical Pharmacy, where pharmaceutical expertise meets patient-centered care! In this SlideShare presentation, we dive into the fascinating realm of Clinical Pharmacy, exploring its vital role in healthcare and how it contributes to improved patient outcomes.

Clinical Pharmacy is an evolving field that combines the knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics with direct patient care. It focuses on the optimization of medication therapy to ensure safe, effective, and personalized treatment regimens for patients of all ages. This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of Clinical Pharmacy, highlighting its significance in modern healthcare settings.

Within this presentation, we explore the key pillars of Clinical Pharmacy, including:

1. Medication Therapy Management: Discover how Clinical Pharmacists work collaboratively with healthcare teams to optimize medication therapy. Learn about the process of medication reconciliation, drug therapy monitoring, and medication counseling to enhance patient adherence and safety.

2. Pharmacotherapy Expertise: Gain insights into the in-depth knowledge of Clinical Pharmacists in pharmacology, drug interactions, and pharmacokinetics. Understand how this expertise helps them make evidence-based decisions, select appropriate medications, and customize treatment plans to individual patient needs.

3. Translational Research: Explore the role of Clinical Pharmacists in conducting research to bridge the gap between scientific discoveries and clinical practice. Learn how they contribute to the development and evaluation of new therapies, ensuring their safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness.

4. Interprofessional Collaboration: Recognize the importance of collaboration among healthcare providers in achieving optimal patient outcomes. Explore how Clinical Pharmacists actively engage with physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive patient care.

5. Patient Education and Advocacy: Delve into the patient-centered approach of Clinical Pharmacy, emphasizing the significance of patient education, shared decision-making, and promoting medication adherence. Understand how Clinical Pharmacists empower patients to actively participate in their treatment plans.

By the end of this SlideShare presentation, you will have a deeper understanding of Clinical Pharmacy's multifaceted nature and its pivotal role in enhancing patient care. Whether you are a healthcare professional seeking to expand your knowledge or a curious individual interested in the intersection of pharmacy and patient care, this presentation is an excellent resource to explore the exciting world of Clinical Pharmacy.

Join us on this enlightening journey, and let Clinical Pharmacy open doors to new perspectives and possibilities for improved patient outcomes and healthcare excellence.

1. Hon. Shri . Babanrao Pachpute Vichardhara Trust’s, Group of Institution, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kashti, Shrigonda Pharmacy Practice Final Year B. Pharmacy Semester - VII Topic Name CLINICAL PHARMACY Presented by: Mr. Afroj Ayyaj Shaikh (final Year B. Pharm ) Roll no. 74 Guided by: Prof. Shruti Sonawane ( M.Pharm )

2. Content Clinical review Pharmacist intervention Ward round participation Medication history Pharmaceutical care Dosing pattern & drug therapy based on pharmacokinetics & disease pattern.

3. Clinical Review Clinical review is one of the integral component of medication review & should preferably be performed on a daily basis. It is the review of the patient progress for the purpose of assessing the therapy outcome. Therapeutic goal for the specific disease should be clearly identified before the review. Goals Assess the response to drug treatment. Evaluate the safety of the treatment. Assess the progress of the disease & the need for the any change in therapy. Assess the need for monitoring. Assess the convenience of therapy

4. Role of Clinical Pharmacist Identification of drug interaction. Dose adjusting. Identification of side effects. Drug information source. Drug selection. Provide information about cost & cost effectiveness. Patient counseling. Provide the information about medication efficacy.

5. Pharmacist Intervention Pharmacist intervention & comment written on the prescription were used to revise each error by advocating the proper use of medication. Intervention is done by pharmacist can be active or passive or reactive. Decision are made regarding inpatient management during ward round and clinical pharmacist participating on ward round may influence these decisions. Different Aspects of Pharmacist interventions Reducing Health cost and Utilization. Medication adherence Patient education Effective communication & establishing patient relationships Medication therapy management As per member of health care team

6. Ward Round Participation A word round is a visit made by a medical practitioner alone or with a team of health care professional & medical student to hospital in patient at their bedside to review & follow up the progress in their health . Usually at least one word round is conducted every day to review the progress of each inpatient. Role in clinical pharmacist in ward round participation Clinical pharmacist may participate in ward round along with medical staff & monitor the treatment of patient. Pharmacist can identify adverse effect and drug interactions with several food, other drug, alcohol, smoking, chemical as well as pregnancy condition. Pharmacist may suggest an alternate therapy if applicable to the staff and medical practitioner.

7. Medication History Medication history is interview session, In which the clinical pharmacist start to interview of the patient & introduce himself and explain the actual purpose of the interview. The clinical pharmacist documented accurate and complete patient medication history as well as collect general information such as Name, Age, Gender, Blood group, Addresses, smoking, alcohol intake & eating habits etc., After the end of session clinical pharmacist transfer all collected information to the medical practitioner. On the basis of medication history medical practitioner giving accurate drug and treatment to patient.

8. Pharmaceutical Care Pharmaceutical care involves the process through which a pharmacist co-operate with a patients and medical staff for designing, implementing & monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific therapeutic outcome to improving a patient condition. Function Collection of patient data. Identification of problems. Establishing outcome goals. Monitoring outcomes.

9. Dosing pattern and drug therapy based on the pharmacokinetic and the disease pattern Designing the correct dose is important for achieving the desired therapeutic effect and the avoiding undesired effect. Various factors like metabolizing enzymes, drug interactions (drug-drug, food-drug, herb-drug), multiple treatments and the dosage form affect the drug deposition . Different Types of Doses Effective dose : It is amount of drug which will produce specific intensity of effect to treat or prevent the disease. Median effective dose: T he amount of drug which produce the desired therapeutic effect in 50% of experimental animals Lethal dose: T he amount of drug when giving to an animals, will kill those animal. Fetal dose: W hen lethal dose reaches 100%.

10. Median lethal dose: The amount of drug when given to an animal as result kills 50% of those animals . Initial loading dose : In some condition certain drugs are given in layer doses in the beginning to obtain an effective blood level rapidly, this is known as initial loading dose. Maintenance dose: After achieving a desired blood level by initial loading dose, smaller quantity of drug is then required to maintain the blood level, this is known as maintenance dose. Dose Adjustment in Renal & Hepatic disease Dose Adjustment in Renal Disease In patient with renal failure, the half-life of the drug is increases & its clearance decreases if it is predominantly eliminated by way of excretion. Hence, the dose adjustment should take into account the renal function of the patient & the fraction of unchanged drug excreted in urine.

11. Dose Adjustment based on the total body clearance The average drug conc. at steady-state css,av is a function of maintenance dose X0 , the fraction T of the drug clearance Cl ז F, the dosing interval & of dose absorbed. General Approach: No change in the desired or target plasma concentration. Diminished renal clearance but unchanged non-renal clearance. Unaltered drug protein binding & volume of distribution in the renally impaired patient. Unchanged drug absorption from the GIT . Three Major Approaches are: Dose adjustment based on Total body clearance. Dose adjustment based on Elimination rate constant or half life. Dose adjustment in renal failure .

12. Css,av = Fxo / ClT Dose adjustment based on Elimination rate constant or Half-life : The average drug conc. at steady-state is a function of maintenance dose, the fraction of dose absorbed, the dosing interval of dose & volume of distribution & half-life of the drug. Css , av = 1.44 Fxo t 1/2 Vd Diseases are the major source of variation in drug response. Both pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic of many drugs are altered by disease other than the one which is being treated. Disease State: Renal dysfunction: It greatly impair the elimination of drug especially those that are primarily excreted by the kidney. Causes of renal failure are hypertension, diabetes mellitus.

13. Uremia: It is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and accumulation of fluid and protein metabolism. In both the cases the half life of the drug are increased as a consequences drug accumulation and toxicity increases. Adjustment of Dosage in Hepatic Disease : The influence of Hepatic disorder on the drug bioavailability & disposition is unpredictable because of the multiple effects that liver produces . The altered response to drugs in liver disease could be due to decreased metabolizing capacity of the hepatocytes , impaired biliary elimination, due to biliary obstruction. Impaired Hepatic blood flow leading to an increase in bioavailability caused by a reduction in first pass metabolism.

14. Decreased protein binding and increased toxicity of drugs highly bound to plasma protein due to impaired albumin production, altered volume of distribution of drugs due to increased extracellular fluid. Decreased protein binding and increased toxicity of drugs highly bound to plasma protein due to impaired albumin production, altered volume of distribution of drugs due to increased extracellular fluid . Oedema in liver disease may be increased by drugs that cause fluid retention (e.g. Acetylsalicylic acid, Ibuprofen). Generally , drug doses should be reduced in patients with hepatic dysfunction since clearance is reduced & bioavailability is increased in such a situation. Thank You !