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1. CLONING BY: Aya Ali Supervised by: DR: OLA NILES

2. Definition: it is the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. Presentation title 2

3. Reproduction vs Cloning Reproduction : Humans and most organisms are resulted from sexual reproduction. Fertilization of an egg by a sperm occurs and an embryo is formed The new organism obtains one half of it’s genes from the mother’s egg and the other half from the father’s sperm. Cloning: The egg nucleus is removed and replaced bs a donor’s nucleus containing the targeted gene. The resulted new organism will have the donor’s gene only. Presentation title 3

4. Reproduction vs Cloning Presentation title 4

5. Basic components of cloning process It is composed of :

6. 1. Source of DNA to be cloned:- Amplified DNA:- using polymerase chain reaction. Synthetic DNA:- DNA made artificially using a machine. Genomic DNA:- DNA extracted from cells & purified Presentation title 6

7. 2. Enzymes 1. Restriction enzymes: are DNA-cutting enzymes. Each enzyme recognizes one or a few target sequences and cuts DNA at or near those sequences. 2. DNA ligase: is a DNA-joining enzyme. If two pieces of DNA have matching ends, ligase can link them to form a single, unbroken molecule of DNA. Presentation title 7

8. 3. vectors i . plasmids 1.The most common type. 2.Found in bacteria &fungi. 3.Circular ii. Bacteriophage Iii. Artificial chromosomes. Presentation title 8

9. 4. Host cell Cells in which recombinant DNA can reproduce. Presentation title 9

10. Presentation title 10

11. Types of cloning 1. DNA cloning / Gene cloning. 2. Reproductive cloning. 3. Therapeutic cloning. Presentation title 11

12. 1. DNA Cloning Also called:- “molecular cloning” or “Gene cloning” it is the process of making multiple, identical copies of a particular piece of DNA Mechanism (steps) of cloning: 1. Fragmentation:- Breaking a part of strand of DNA. 2. Ligation:- Gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence. 3. Transduction: Inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into bacterial cells. 4. Screening/selection:- Selecting out the cells that were successfully transducted with the new DNA. Presentation title 12

13. 1. DNA Cloning Presentation title 13

14. 2. Reproductive Cloning Definition: It is the process of production of a genetic duplicate of an existing organism. It’s also called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Mechanism : 1.The egg nucleus is removed and replaced by a donor’s nucleus containing the targeted gene. 2. If the egg begins to divide normally, it is transferred to the uterus of the organism. Presentation title 14

15. Example : Dolly Reproductive cloning techniques underwent significant change in the 1990s, following the birth of Dolly, who was generated through the process of SCNT. This process entails the removal of the entire nucleus from a somatic (body) cell of an organism, followed by insertion of the nucleus into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed (enucleation). Once the somatic nucleus is inside the egg, the egg is stimulated with a mild electrical current and begins dividing. Thus, a cloned embryo, essentially an embryo of an identical twin of the original organism, is created Presentation title 15

16. 3. Therapeutic cloning Definition : It is called embryo cloning. It is the process of production of embryos for using in research. Concept : Therapeutic cloning is intended to use cloned embryos for the purpose of extracting stem cells from them Those embryonic stem cells undergo researches for growing healthy tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues in human body without the risk of rejection by the immune system. Presentation title 16

17. 3.Therapeutic cloning Presentation title 17

18. 3.Therapeutic cloning Presentation title 18

19. Cloning Advantages Solving infertility problems Treatment of cancer & Alzheimer Insulin production. Disadvantages Has no absolute success rate Risk of mutations Development of new diseases Presentation title 19

20. THANK YOU