CLONING therapeutic and reproductive parthenogensis.pptx

Cloning

1. CLONING,REPRODUCTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC PARTHENOGENESIS DR. HAFIZA SHEHREEN DPT(KEMU)

2. cloning Cloning is a technique use to make exact genetic copies of living things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned. 

3. clone Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned. 

4. Types of cloning There are three different types of cloning : Gene cloning , which creates copies of genes or segments of DNA. Reproductive cloning , which creates copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells.

5. Cloning  happens often in nature—for example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without any  genetic  alteration or  recombination . Prokaryotic  organisms (organisms lacking a cell  nucleus ) such as  bacteria  create genetically identical duplicates of themselves using  binary fission  or  budding . In  eukaryotic  organisms (organisms possessing a cell nucleus) such as humans, all the cells that undergo  mitosis , such as  skin  cells and cells lining the  gastrointestinal tract , are  clones ; the only exceptions are  gametes  ( eggs  and  sperm ), which undergo  meiosis  and genetic recombination.

6. Reproductive  cloning Reproductive cloning involves the implantation of a cloned  embryo  into a real or an artificial  uterus . The embryo develops into a  fetus  that is then carried to term. Reproductive cloning experiments were performed for more than 40 years through the process of embryo splitting, in which a single early-stage two-cell embryo is manually divided into two individual cells and then grows as two identical embryos. 

7. the birth of  Dolly , who was generated through the process of  SCNT .  This process entails the removal of the entire  nucleus  from a  somatic (body) cell  of an organism, followed by insertion of the nucleus into an egg  cell  that has had its own nucleus removed (enucleation). Once the somatic nucleus is inside the egg, the egg is stimulated with a mild electrical current and begins dividing. Thus, a cloned embryo, essentially an embryo of an identical twin of the original organism, is created.

8. Therapeutic cloning Therapeutic cloning is intended to use cloned embryos for the purpose of extracting  stem cells  from them, without ever implanting the embryos in a womb. Therapeutic cloning enables the cultivation of stem cells that are genetically identical to a patient. The stem cells could be stimulated to  differentiate  into any of the more than 200 cell types in the  human body . The  differentiated  cells then could be transplanted into the patient to replace diseased or damaged cells without the risk of rejection by the  immune system . These cells could be used to treat a variety of conditions, including  Alzheimer disease ,  Parkinson disease ,  diabetes mellitus ,  stroke , and  spinal cord  injury. In addition, stem cells could be used for in vitro (laboratory) studies of normal and abnormal embryo development or for testing  drugs  to see if they are toxic or cause birth defects.

9. genetic engineering Genetic engineering , the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of  DNA  or other  nucleic acid   molecules  in order to modify an  organism  or  population  of organisms. The term  genetic engineering  is generally used to refer to methods of  recombinant DNA technology , which emerged from basic research in microbial  genetics . The techniques employed in genetic  engineering  have led to the production of medically important products, including human  insulin , human  growth hormone , and  hepatitis B   vaccine , as well as to the development of  genetically modified organisms  such as disease-resistant plants.

10. PARTHENOGENESIS Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.  It occurs commonly among lower  plants  and  invertebrate   animals  (particularly  rotifers ,  aphids ,  ants ,  wasps , and  bees ) and rarely among higher  vertebrates .

11. Ethical  controversy Human reproductive cloning remains universally condemned, primarily for the psychological, social, and physiological risks associated with cloning.  A cloned  embryo  intended for implantation into a womb requires thorough molecular testing to fully determine whether an embryo is healthy and whether the  cloning  process is complete . a viable pregnancy is not guaranteed . Because the risks associated with reproductive cloning in humans introduce a very high likelihood of loss of life, the process is considered unethical . Concerns about  eugenics , the once popular notion that the human species could be improved through the selection of individuals possessing desired traits, also have surfaced, since cloning could be used to breed “better” humans, thus violating principles of human dignity, freedom, and equality.

12. 1-CONTROLLING SOMEONE ELSE’S GENETIC MAKEUP