CNR_Module for students of vtu_Biodiversity.pptx

software testing architecture

1. MODULE 4 Biodiversity: Introduction, Flora and Fauna, Importance of biodiversity, Economic values-medicinal plants, drugs, fisheries biogeochemical cycling. Threat to biodiversity, natural & anthropogenic disturbance, habitat loss. Conservation of biodiversity, National parks, wild life sanctuaries, zoological gardens, gene banks, pollen culture, ecological restoration, social forestry. Ecosystem: Definition, Types: forest, grass land, marine, desert, wetlands, estuarine, lotic, lentic. Abiotic & biotic components of eco system.

2. BIODIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY or BIODIVERSITY is part of nature which include the differences in genes among the individual of a species ; The variety & richness of all the plant & animal species at different scales in space –locally ,in a region ,in country & the world & the types of ecosystem, both terrestrial and aquatic, within a defined area. In short, BIODIVERSITY deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere.

3. LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY 1. Genetic diversity: It is a level of biodiversity that refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. 2. Species diversity: It refers to the variety of species within a region. Species diversity is an index that incorporates the number of species in an area and also their relative abundance. 3. Ecosystem diversity: It refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems.

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5. Consumptive use : Direct utilization of timber, food, fuel-wood and fodder by local communities. Drugs: Many plants are used in primary health care. 70% of modern medicines are derived from plant and plant extracts. Penicillin – fungus is the source – Antibiotic Quinine – Chincona bark - Malaria treatment Morphine – Poppy bark – Analgesic Fuels: Fire woods are directly consumed by villagers. Food: A large number of wild plants and wild animals are consumed by human beings as food

6. 2.Productive use: Biodiversity products have commercial value. These products are marketed and sold. These are derived from animals and plants. Animal products: Silk from silk worm, Wool from sheep, Musk from musk deer, Leather from animals Plant Products: Wood for paper and Plywood, Cotton for textile industry, Pearl for pearl industry

7. 3.Social value : It refers to the manner in which the bio-resources are used in the society. These are associated with the social life, religion and spiritual aspects of the people. Example: Holy plants : Tulsi, Lotus, Neem trees Holy animals : Cow, sheep, bull, peacock

8. 4.Ethical value: It means that a species may or may not be used but its existence in nature gives us pleasure. e.g., Holy river : River Ganga Holy tree : Tulsi It is based on importance of protecting all forms of life. Most religious and secular breeds believe that all forms of life have the right to exist on earth. Basic philosophy, “Live and let others Live”.

9. 5. Aesthetic value: Aesthetic = Appearance It involves appreciation of the presence of biodiversity for its inherent value and beauty, as well as for the contribution it makes to our knowledge, aesthetics, imagination and creativity. The beautiful nature of plants and animals insists us to protect the biodiversity. Ex) eco-tourism, color of butterfly, flowers etc.

10. 6.Optional value: The optional value of biodiversity suggests that any species may be proved to be a valuable species after someday . Keeping future possibilities open for their use is called the Option Value. Predicting which present species of crops and domestic animals will be of greatest use is possible .

11. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY HABITAT LOSS DUE TO NATURAL CALAMITIES & HUMANS THE OVER POPULATION ENVI POLLUTION EXOTIC SPECIES OVERUSE OF VEGETATIONS

12. HABITAT LOSS Habitat loss can be described when an animal loses their home. Every animal in the animal world has a niche, their animal community and without their habitat they no longer have a niche. REASONS OF HABITAT LOSS BY HUMANS • Agriculture, farming • Harvesting natural resources for personal use • For industrial and urbanization development THERE ARE NATURAL SOURCES TOO... Habitat destruction through natural processes such as volcanism, fire and climate change is also a major cause.

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14. SOLUTION FOR THIS… • Protecting remaining intact section of natural habitat. • Reduce human population and expansion of urbanization and industries . • Educating the public about the importance of natural habitat and biodiversity . • Planting trees and home gardens .

15. 2. THE POPULATION CONNECTION Past losses of biodiversity can be attributed to the expansion of the human population over the globe. Continuing human population growth will be further alter natural ecosystems, resulting in the inevitable loss of more wild species and additional declines in populations . One key to holding down the loss in biodiversity lies in bringing human population growth down . If the human population increases to 10 billion , as some demographers believe that it will, the consequences for the natural world will be frightening .

16. 3. POLLUTION Another major factor that decreases biodiversity is pollution, which can directly kill many kinds of animals and plants , seriously reducing their population. 4. CLIMATE CHANGE • Pollution destroys or alters habitats, which consequences just as severe as those caused by deliberate conversions. • Most of the global pollution problems can be traced to the industrialized world .

17. 5. EXOTIC SPECIES (migrants) An exotic species is a species introduced into an area from somewhere else, often a different continent . Exotic species threaten biodiversity by spreading diseases, acting as predator or parasite , competing or hybridizing with native species and altering habitat . The transportation of species by human has occurred throughout history,

18. 6. OVERUSE Overuse is another major assault against wild species responsible for recent extinction . Overuse is driven by combination of greed, ignorance and desperation. Another form of overuse is the human usage in wildlife and in products derived from wild species .