CO and SA [Autosaved].pptx social work psychology community organization and social action

Study material for community organization

1. FOURTH SEMESTER BSW 4 B 05 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY ORGANISATION AND SOCIAL ACTION Outline the process, principles and models of Community Organisation . Develop skills and attitudes for participatory community work Explain the process, principles and models of Social Action

2. Module: I Understanding Community Concept of community:- Sociological social work perspective of community, Types Functions of community

3. Module: II Community organization Definitions of Community Organization. History of community organization Values Principles objectives Community Development-Definition Similarities and differences between Community Organisation and Community Development

4. Module: III Community Organisation Phases and Models Phases: Study,analysis,assessment,discussion,organization,action,Evaluation,Modification Models of community organization- Locality Development Model Social Planning Model Social Action Model Concepts of community participation community empowerment

5. Module: IV Skills and Roles of Social Workers in working with Communities Skills for community organization: Interaction information gathering and assimilation observation skills analytical skills listening and responding skills Organizing resource mobilization conflict resolution Roles of the Community Organiser

6. Social Action: Definitions Objectives Scope Social action as a method of Social work Principles Models of social action Social Action movements in India

7. Community Community is a collection of people or group living in a geographical area on a permanent basis for a common purpose interacting and sharing . A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common- Oxford Dictionary Community is an aggregation of people or a group of families confined to a geographical area or locality, for a common purpose having commonness , interdependence , a shared way of life and relationship on a continuous basis or permanently.

8. Definitions Robert Bellah defines community as : “A group of people who are socially interdependent , who participate together in discussion and decision making, and who share certain practices that both define the community and are nurtured by it” Bryon Munon (1968) “A community is a relatively self-sufficient population, residing in a limited geographic area , bound together by feelings of unity and interdependency .

9. Meaning of community Social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage A social, religious, occupational, or other group sharing common characteristics or interests and perceived or perceiving itself as distinct in some respect from the larger society within which it exists example the business community; the community of scholars Community, hamlet, village, town, city are terms for groups of people living in somewhat close association, and usually under common rules

10. New form of community-The virtual community A virtual community, e-community or online community is a group of people that primarily interact via communication media such as newsletters, telephone, email or instant messages rather than face to face, for social, professional, educational or other purposes.

11. Community in SW People who are either directly or indirectly involved or not in an issue, either directly or indirectly affected by an issue or not, some people who are interested but may be affected by the issue, or not affected but at the same time wanted to find a solution to the problem encountered by the locality.

12. Sociological construct of Community German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies in the late 1800s. Based on the characteristics of relationship in a community: Gemeinschaft and the other Gesselschaft The Gemeinschaft communities are based on natural personal, informal face to face social relationships, where individuals are accepted for who they are, and not what they have done.

13. Gesellschafts Utilitarian goals as well as contractual agreements dominate interactions between individuals. There is division of labor and social control is more formalized, based on laws and rules with formal sanctions enforced when laws are violated.

14. - Brueggemann (2006) a) Shared physical space or geographic community: referred to as location based community. The boundaries of this community are often established with a recognized authority such as the Panchayat, the Mohalla, the Municipal government, zoning commission etc. b) Community based on shared interest or identity or functional community: Things like race ethnicity, religion culture, social class professional affiliation and sexual orientation often form the basis of communities of interest.

15. Area: Rural, Urban, Tribal Occupation: Farmers, Professionals, Manual labours Caste: Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, OBC, BC Class: Upper Class, Middle Class, Lower Class Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Christian Components for Classification

16. Three frameworks to look at a community from a social work perspective. a) as a social system b) as an ecological system c) as a center for power and conflict

17. a) Community as a social system Composed of multiple interacting components that relate to one another in an orderly, functional manner. Systems are embedded within larger systems Community is composed of a set of subsystems that perform specialized functions that meet the needs of the entire community. Social system: Family, Occupation, Kinship, Marriage, Cate, Religion Political system: Legislative, Government, Parties, LSG, Election Religious system: Rituals, Festivals, Ceremonies Economic system: Land, Trade, Finance companies, Industries

18. Five major functions of the sub-systems: production- distribution Consumption socialization social control social participation and mutual support

19. b) Community as an Ecological System Community is seen as having close interrelationship with the environment in a symbiotic (mutually depended) manner. Geo-cultural perspective The physical features play a significant role in community life and determine the patterns of interaction Example: Land use pattern-services, transportations, communication Water, Land, Roads, Cultivation, Health etc are connected with the ecology/location Thus lower caste communities are often located away from important and central places in the village community

20. a) Competition (competition between various groups for common pool resources) b) Dominance (dominance of a particular group or caste in determining service delivery and access to services) c) Centralization (concentration of resources both economic and social in the hands of particular groups) d) Concentration (location of specific groups) e) Succession f) Segregation

21. Community as center for power and conflict The perspective of community as a centre for power and conflict considers power and politics as central to understanding community Conflict and change Community decision making is also about confrontation and negotiation. Competing groups are constantly engaged in conflict over power and the control of scarce resources. Based on social class, caste, religious, linguistic and regional affiliations dominate over other groups

22. This perspective enables Social workers to understand the communities: Power structures The way decisions are made to favour or condemn groups The way conflict positions are taken and perpetuated The role that change agents should play in strengthening the capacities of those lower in the hierarchy to change the situation

23. Types of Community Urban Community Rural Community Tribal Community Characteristics, Differences, Problems etc

24. Functions of Community Production, Distribution, Consumption: Service, Agriculture, Industry etc Socialization: Tradition, Culture Social Control: Informal rules and control based on values in a community Social Participation: Decision making, engagement in problem identification, inclusion Mutual support: Financial, Psychological, Social Capital (networks and relationships)

25. While social case work is oriented towards helping individuals on one to one basis Social group work aims at facilitating the growth and development of individuals through the medium of a group. The third basic method of working with people is community organization.

26. This method aims at developing the capacity of the community to function as integrated unit. This empowers the community to take planned and collective action to handle its own needs, problems and objectives.

27. Community Organization Murray G. Ross (1967) defines community organisation as a " process by which a community identifies its needs or objectives , gives priority to them, develops confidence and will to work at them, finds resources (internal and external) to deal with them, and in doing so, extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices in the community". 1. The community has problem 2. The community need to be aware of it 3. Need to prioritize their objectives/needs 4. Resource mobilization 5. Mobilize the community

28. Kramer and Specht (1975) "Community organisation refers to various methods of intervention whereby a professional change agent helps a community action system composed of individuals, groups or organisations to engage in planned collective action in order to deal with special problems within the democratic system of values"

29. “ A continues process of social interaction by which the social system of the community provides integration and adaptation within the community and identifies its needs or objectives , gives priorities , generates alternatives and select, mobilizes resources required to deal with them, to bridge the gap between the needs and resources.” - AJ Christopher

30. -Arthur Dunham (1976) “A conscious process of social interaction and a method of social work concerned with anyone or all of the following objectives” Adjustment between needs and resources Helping people to deal with their problems, develop and strengthen participation, self direction and cooperation Distribution of decision making power

31. Philosophy of Community Organization To help people to make use of their own capacities and of environmental resources this will result in personal satisfaction and social adjustment To help the modification of the environment so that people will have fewer personal and social problems To reduce the gap between the needs and the resources of the community

32. Value Orientation of CO The essential dignity and ethical worth of the individual The possession of potentialities and resources in each person for managing his own life The importance of freedom of expression of one’s individuality The great capacity for growth within all social beings The right of the individual to basic physical necessities The need for the individual to struggle and strive to improve his own life and environment

33. (vii) The right of the individual to help in time of need and crisis; (viii) The need of a social climate which encourages individual growth and development (ix) The right and the responsibility of the individual to participate in the affairs of the community; (x) The practicability and importance of discussion, conference, and consultation as methods for the solution of individual and social problems (xi) The importance of a social organization for which the individual feels responsible and which is responsive (xii) “Self help” as the essential base of any programme of aid

34. The principles of community organization can be understood as the generalized guiding rules. a “rule of right action” or “a value judgment as to what is sound or good community organization”

35. Principles of Community Organization 1) The Principle of Specific Objectives 2) The Principle of Planning 3) The Principle of People's Participation 4) The Principle of Inter-group Approach 5) The Principle of Democratic Functioning (self-reliance, cooperation, partnership, transparency and sustainability) - Siddiqui (1997)

36. 6) The Principle of Flexible Organization 7) The Principle of Optimum Utilization of Indigenous Resources 8) The Principle of Cultural orientation (respect to culture, its customs, traditions, values etc )

37. Faiths in Community Organization People are the ultimate authority People can decide their destiny Community has democratic principles Ability to participate Problems and needs can be solved by community Community has self-regulation Community has self control

38. Phases of CO Relationship: Purposeful meeting members of the community, house visits, meeting formal and informal members, key persons, informants Study: Collecting the basic information, social survey, formal and informal surveys Analysis: Collating the information, bringing the commonality of the data, cleaning the data, make it into presentable form Assessment: The symptoms, cause, magnitude, needs and problems, importance, urgency and severity are identified and categorized Discussion: Information is presented to the community, what why how etc are discussed

39. Organization: The role and responsibilities are identified and assigned, tasks are assigned to individuals or groups, various committees and group leadership is formed Action: The plan of action is implemented and monitored by the members of the community, the action plan is known to everyone and is prepared even to face the untoward incidents Reflection: The evaluation is done with the members of the community on the whole process and especially the action and the implementation process and the outcome of it, the positive and impacts, the success and failures are identified Modification: The changes based on the reflection are brought in the process Continuation: The need or the problem from the priority list is taken up and the process is continued, if the taken up issue is not solved with the modified strategy the process is repeated

40. Community Organization vs Community Development Community Development is a government sponsored programme while the presents of government is not required for CO CD is mainly for providing services to improve the economic conditions of the population while wholistic change that are planned and implemented by the community themselves under the guidance of a community organizer in CO CD is practiced mainly in under developed or developing communities for the economic development. But in CO in any community that faces a problem or need which can be resolved with cooperative and collaborative attitude among community people. In CO the worker is not necessarily a government functionary, but in CD he/she is an expert to resolve economic issues, and from government system

41. CO is a method of social work, but CD is a program for a planned change CO emphasizes the processes, but CD emphasizes the end or goals Community organizers are mostly social workers and social change agents, But community development personnel can be from other professions including agricultural experts, veterinary experts, and other technical experts CO is not time-bound. It is achieved step by step according to the pace of the people. But CD is time-bound and time is specified for achieving the development objectives. In CO people’s participation is important. But in community development people’s development is not necessary. In CO governments and external agencies, assistances are not important or needed. But in CD, external assistance from the government or other agencies is considered important

42. In the community organization, planning is initiated by the people through their participation. But in community development planning is carried out by an external agency mostly by the government Community organization is universal to all communities. But community development programs differ from person to person depending upon whether the area is rural, urban or tribal, and other characteristics of the area.

43. Skills of Community Organizers Interaction Information gathering / Data collection Observation Analytical skills Listening and responding skills Organizing Resource mobilization Conflict resolution

44. Interaction Social workers need strong interpersonal skills to effectively engage with community members, leaders, and stakeholders. They should be able to build rapport, communicate clearly, and establish trust. For example , a social worker in Kerala might interact with fishermen communities to understand their needs and concerns regarding sustainable fishing practices.

45. Information Gathering / Data Collection: Social workers should be proficient in various methods of collecting information and data, including interviews, surveys, and research. They should also be able to critically evaluate the gathered information for its relevance and accuracy. An example could be a social worker collecting data on child labor in urban areas of India through interviews with families and observations in local markets.

46. Observation Social workers need keen observation skills to notice and understand social dynamics, behaviors , and patterns within communities. It is also considered as a method of data collection in qualitative research. For instance , a social worker observing a tribal community in India might notice signs of malnutrition among children, caste higherarchy etc which can prompt further investigation and intervention.

47. Analytical Skills Social workers should possess analytical skills to assess complex social issues, identify root causes, and develop effective intervention strategies. For example , a social worker analyzing the educational attainment gap among different caste groups in rural India would need to critically examine historical, cultural, and systemic factors contributing to this disparity.

48. Listening and Responding Skills Social workers must be active listeners, empathetic, and skilled at responding appropriately to the needs and concerns of individuals and communities. Example: In Kerala, a social worker listening to the grievances of marginalized communities affected by land displacement due to development projects should respond with sensitivity and advocate for their rights.

49. Organizing Social workers should have strong organizational skills to plan and coordinate community initiatives, programs, and events. For example , a social worker organizing a health camp in a remote village in India needs to coordinate logistics, mobilize volunteers, and ensure the smooth execution of the event.

50. Resource Mobilization Social workers should be able to mobilize resources effectively, including financial resources, volunteers, and community support. For instance , a social worker mobilizing resources for disaster relief efforts in flood-affected areas of Kerala might collaborate with local businesses, NGOs, and government agencies to provide aid and support to affected communities.

51. Conflict Resolution Social workers should possess conflict resolution skills to mediate disputes, facilitate dialogue, and promote reconciliation within communities. An example could be a social worker facilitating peace talks between conflicting religious groups in a region experiencing communal tensions in India, aiming to build understanding and foster peaceful coexistence.

52. Roles of Community Organizer Communicator Enabler Animator Guide Counsellor Collaborator Consultant Innovator Motivator Catalyst Advocate Facilitator Mediator Educator Model

53. Communicator Responsible for effectively disseminating information to community members and stakeholders. This role involves understanding the community's language and cultural nuances, ensuring that messages are clear and accessible, and utilizing various communication channels, such as meetings, social media, and printed materials. Effective communication helps build trust, ensures transparency, and empowers community members by keeping them informed and engaged in decision-making processes.

54. Enabler An enabler helps community members identify their needs, resources, and potential solutions to their problems. This role involves fostering self-reliance and empowerment by facilitating skills development, promoting participatory decision-making, and encouraging collective action. Enablers support communities in recognizing their strengths and capacities, leading to sustainable development and improved well-being

55. Animator An animator energizes and mobilizes community members to participate in collective actions aimed at addressing their issues. This role involves motivating and inspiring people, creating a sense of urgency and importance around community initiatives, and fostering a spirit of cooperation and solidarity. Animators use creative methods such as theatre, art, and music to engage and involve community members, making social action enjoyable and impactful.

56. Guide A guide provides direction and advice to community members on various issues, helping them navigate complex systems and processes. This role involves offering expertise and knowledge, mentoring individuals, and supporting them in making informed decisions. Guides help communities understand their rights, access services, and implement effective strategies to address their problems.

57. Counsellor A counsellor provides emotional support, guidance, and advice to individuals and groups facing personal or social challenges. This role involves active listening, empathy, and helping people develop coping strategies. Counsellors work to build trust and rapport, creating a safe space for individuals to express their concerns and work through their issues.

58. Collaborator A collaborator works with other organizations, agencies, and stakeholders to achieve common goals. This role involves building partnerships, coordinating efforts, and leveraging resources to address community issues more effectively. Collaborators foster a spirit of cooperation and ensure that all partners are aligned and working towards shared objectives.

59. Innovator An innovator develops new methods, programs, or solutions to address community issues. This role involves creativity, critical thinking, and a willingness to take risks. Innovators identify gaps in existing services, experiment with novel approaches, and adapt successful models from other contexts to meet local needs.

60. Motivator A motivator encourages and inspires community members to take action and engage in positive behaviours. This role involves recognizing and celebrating achievements, providing positive reinforcement, and fostering a sense of hope and possibility. Motivators help build confidence and resilience within the community.

61. Advocate An advocate speaks on behalf of individuals or communities to ensure their rights and needs are addressed. This role involves lobbying, campaigning, and representing the interests of marginalized or vulnerable groups. Advocates work to influence policy, secure resources, and bring about social justice.

62. Facilitator A facilitator assists in the process of bringing people together to discuss issues, make decisions, and take collective action. This role involves creating an inclusive and participatory environment, managing group dynamics, and ensuring that all voices are heard. Facilitators help communities build consensus and develop collaborative solutions.

63. Mediator A mediator helps resolve conflicts within the community by promoting dialogue, understanding, and compromise. This role involves impartiality, active listening, and conflict resolution skills. Mediators work to de-escalate tensions, build trust, and find mutually acceptable solutions to disputes.

64. Educator An educator provides knowledge and skills to community members, enhancing their capacity to address their issues. This role involves designing and delivering training programs, workshops, and educational materials. Educators help communities understand complex information, develop new skills, and apply their learning to real-world challenges.

65. Consultant A consultant offers expert advice and solutions on specific problems or projects within the community. This role involves conducting needs assessments, providing technical assistance, and developing strategic plans. Consultants help communities design and implement effective interventions, drawing on their specialized knowledge and experience.

66. Catalyst A catalyst sparks change within the community by initiating and supporting transformative activities. This role involves challenging the status quo, mobilizing resources, and advocating for systemic change. Catalysts help communities recognize the need for change and take the necessary steps to achieve it.

67. Community Participation Community participation means some form of involvement of people, with similar needs and goals, in decisions affecting their lives Collective action and decision making is done by taking suggestions from all the stakeholders. Meaningful community participation involves having citizens in the decision making process. Participatory governance is this essential for the bottom up approach and community development. Community engagement results in inclusive planning and overall improvement in the community integration.

68. The local community should be given an active role in programs and improvements in community organization that directly affecting it. “the redistribution of power that enables the have-not citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future”- Sherry R. Arnstein

69. Why community participation? Gain a better understanding of the community’s needs and aspirations. Community Ownership Diverse perspectives Increase transparency Use of local knowledge and resources Justice and Humanistic

70. Community Empowerment Community empowerment refers to  the process of enabling communities to increase control over their lives. Community empowerment is about working in ways which empower people – ways which mean that people feel ‘ confident ’, that they – and the groups they are involved in – are  inclusive  and  organised , that networks are formed, are  cooperative  and support each other and – ultimately – they are  influential .

71. Dimensions of Community Empowerment C onfident : increases peoples skills, knowledge and confidence – and instils a belief that they can make a difference I nclusive : recognizes that discrimination exists, promotes equality of opportunity and good relations between groups and challenges inequality and exclusion Organized : brings people together around common issues and concerns in organizations and groups that are open, democratic and accountable C ooperative : builds positive relationships across groups, identifies common messages, develops and maintains links to national bodies and promotes partnership working Influential : encourages and equips communities to take part and influence decisions, services and activities

72. Models of Community Organization Models are the conceptual designs of a particulars phenomenon to get the things done. A model is nothing but a window through which a community worker looks at the complex nature of the community. According to Rothman (1947), there are three models of community organization. Locality development model  Social Planning model  Social action model 

73. Locality Development Model LDM means the improvement of a particular locality or area and stresses broade r participation of people It encompasses the concept of community change through the effective participation of a wide spectrum of people at the grass-root level for the determination of the goals and achieving for the same. Locality development model primarily emphasizes on the process of community building( UN Publication 1955)

74. Locality development models reflect that the development of the community is possible when people make active participation in planning, implementing and evaluation process. Democratic Procedures  Cooperation Self Help Local  Leadership Educational objective

75. Social Planning Model SP emphasises a technical process of solving social problems, arranging and delivering goods and services to people who needs them. This model is for providing services to the needy External help is provided and the interest group within the community takes up the work Broder participation of the people is less likely to present It encourages having a rational, well planned, and technical process for problem-solving with regard to social problems such as housing, water, and health.

76. Social Action Model The model seeks redistribution of power, resources or decision making in the community or changes in the basic policies of a formal organization Basic changes in the major situations are brought about by organizing the segment of the population so that they make demands on the larger community for increased resources more in accordance with social justice The vulnerable or the weaker sections get organized to demand for equality, redistribution of power, resources, decision making.

77. Social Action

78. Social action is a recognized as secondary method of professional social work as early as 1922. Social reformers, trade union leaders, public workers and political activists have been involved in social action movements in one way or the other. Richmond for the first time, in 1922, made use of the term social action in social work. She has defined social action as “ mass betterment through propaganda and social legislation ”.

79. The field of social action: It cover very wide spectrum – political reforms, social and economic reform, removal of social injustice and religious intolerance, restoration of human rights, enactment of legislation, sharing of power in decision making and in benefits, protection of the environment, etc. The geographical area of social action and the numbers involved may be very large or relatively small depending on the issue.

80. Definitions Lee (1937) “Social action seems to suggest efforts directed towards changes in law or social structure or towards the initiation of new movements for the modification of the current social practices” .

81. Fitch (1940) “social action is legally permissible action by a group (or by an individual trying to promote group action) for the purpose of furthering objectives that are both legal and socially desirable.”

82. Friedlander (1977) “Social action is an individual, group or community effort within the framework of social work philosophy and practice that aims to achieve social progress , to modify social policies and to improve social legislation and health and welfare services.”

83. Objectives and Scope of Social Action Shaping and development of socio-cultural environment in which a richer and fuller life may be possible for all the citizens Prevention of needs Solution of mass problem Improvement in mass condition Influencing institutions , policies and practices Introduction of new mechanisms and programmes Redistribution of power and resources Social welfare

84. Social action can be directed against global, universal issues like: Protection and conservation of environment through action, against its degradation Localized issues like crime, sale of alcoholic drinks, wrongful use of village community resources by dominant individuals or groups Exploitation of labour , punishment of a wrong-doer, illegal felling of trees, etc.

85. Principles of Social Action Principle of credibility: Has to be based on the felt need of the community and the felt need have to be derived from social justice and natural law Principle of legitimization: Legal backing for any action initiated by the community Principle of dramatization: Mobilizing the population into action through emotional appeals, speeches, management of the media, novel procedures of drawing support, catchy slogans, processions, protest marches and such other techniques.

86. Principle of dual approach: A constructive counter action plan is proposed is in opposition to an existing system which is perceived to be unjust, exploitative or undesirable. Principle of Multiple strategies: This implies a concerted programme of action involving advocacy, education, persuasion, facilitating actions, pressure tactics etc. Principle of Multiple Programmes : This implies developing social, economic and political programmes which would facilitate mass mobilization for social and economic reconstruction and political independence

87. Strategies of SA Desai (1984) has classified the strategies available to social workers into three categories: Collaborative: This is based on the assumption that people in power will agree to change even when a conflict approach is not adopted. Bargaining, Negotiating and Advocacy Conflictual/Confrontational: The assumption here is that there is fundamental differences in positions and viewpoints and therefore strong pressure tactics become necessary

88. Campaign/Promotional Conscientization Collaborative Pressure/Advocacy Negotiation Litigation Political organization Situation modification

89. Some movements Sati Act, 1929 related movement Swadeshi Movement, 1905 Chipko Movement, 1973 Narmada Bachao Andolan , 1985 Anti- Mandal Agitation, 1990 Movement for right to information Act, 2005

90. Anti- Reservation Protest, 2006 Jan Lokpal Bill – Anti Corruption Movement by Anna Hazare, 2011 Nirbhaya Movement, 2012 FTII Agitation, 2015 Pro- Jallikattu Protests, Tamil Nadu 2017 CAA, NRC Protest, 2019