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1. NAME : T.SRAVANTHI ROLL NO : 238R1A12Q9 SUBJECT: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION ARCHITECTURE TOPIC: INSTRUCTION FORMAT CMREC

2. Introduction to Computer Architecture Computer architecture focuses on the functional behavior of a computer system. It describes how the various components interact and work together to execute instructions.

3. CMREC REPRESENTATION: ADDRESS – data address is stored. OPCODE – operation code like addition,sub …………..i.e. INDEX – consists of 1’s and 0’s.

4. Instruction Formats 1 Opcode The opcode (operation code) specifies the operation to be performed, such as addition, subtraction, or data transfer. 2 Operands Operands are the data values on which the operation is performed. They can be registers, memory addresses, or immediate values. 3 Addressing Mode The addressing mode determines how the operands are accessed. Different addressing modes provide flexibility in accessing data. CMREC

5. Instruction Representation Binary Instructions are represented in binary format, which is the language understood by the computer's hardware. Assembly Language Assembly language uses likes letters to represent instructions, making them more readable for humans. It is then translated to binary by an assembler. High-Level Language High-level languages are closer to human language and are translated to binary by a compiler. They offer a higher level of abstraction. CMREC

6. Instruction Fetch and Decode Fetch The instruction is fetched from memory and placed into the instruction register. Decode The instruction is decoded to determine the operation and operands. Execute The operation specified by the instruction is executed. CMREC

7. Instruction Execution 1 ALU Operations The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. 2 Data Transfer Data is transferred between registers, memory, and the ALU. 3 Control Flow The instruction execution can change the program's control flow, such as branching and jumping. CMREC

8. CMREC INSTRUCTIONS: A sequence of instructions(Machine). Instruction a group of bits that tell the computer to perform a specific operation. The instructions of a program, along with any needed data are stored in memory. The CPU reads the next instruction from memory. It is placed in an Instruction Register (IR).

9. Addressing Modes Addressing Mode Description Immediate The operand is directly embedded in the instruction. Register The operand is stored in a register. Direct The operand is located at a specific memory address. Indirect The instruction contains the address of a memory location that holds the actual address of the operand. CMREC

10. Conclusion and Summary Computer architecture is a fundamental aspect of computer systems. Understanding instruction formats, execution, and performance optimization is crucial for designing efficient and powerful computing systems.

11. CMREC