Cognitive perspective in psychology

Cognitive perspective in psychology

1. Cognitive Perspective Instructor: Rustam Ali

2. Schools and Perspectives in Psychology Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestaltism Psychodynamic Biological Perspective Cognitive Perspective Existential Perspective Humanistic Perspective Cultural Perspective Islamic Perspective

3. Cognitive Perspective Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. In other words, psychologists from this perspective study cognition which is ‘the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired.’ “ Cognition ” refers to thinking and memory processes, and “cognitive development” refers to long-term changes in these processes. Studied all those methods which help an individual to know, perceive, organise and give meaning to the stimulus to retain in his mind reorgnise as his past experience and lead him to react accordinbg to the changing situation

4. Cognitive Perspective Focus It accepts the use of the scientific method and generally rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation, unlike phenomenological methods such as Freudian psychoanalysis. It explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (such as belief, desire, and motivation), unlike behaviorist psychology. Cognitive theory contends that solutions to problems take the form of algorithms, heuristics, or insights.

5. History of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research. Though there are examples of cognitive approaches from earlier researchers, cognitive psychology really developed as a subfield within psychology in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The development of the field was heavily influenced by contemporary advancements in technology and computer science.

6. Major areas of cognitive Psychology Neural Basis Sensation Perception Memory Language Learning Thinking Reasoning Problem solving Knowledge representation, Categorization Schemas

7. Early Roots of Cognitive Perspective In 1958, Donald Broadbent integrated concepts from human-performance research and the recently developed information theory in his book  Perception and Communication,  which paved the way for the information-processing model of cognition. Ulric Neisser is credited with formally having coined the term “cognitive psychology” in his book of the same name, published in 1967. The perspective had its foundations in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler , and Kurt Koffka , and in the work of Jean Piaget, who studied intellectual development in children.

8. Noam Chomsky Work Although no one person is entirely responsible for starting the cognitive revolution, Noam Chomsky was very influential in the early days of this movement. Chomsky (1928–), an American linguist, was dissatisfied with the influence that behaviorism had had on psychology. He believed that psychology’s focus on behavior was short-sighted and that the field had to reincorporate mental functioning into its purview if it were to offer any meaningful contributions to understanding behavior (Miller, 2003).

9. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) 1960 Proposed by Noam Chomsky the LAD concept is an instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language. This theory asserts that humans are born with the instinct or innate facility for acquiring language. Children do not learn a new language but naturally acquire it through an innate language device Neurological system in human brains that supports language acquisition. All humans have a universal Grammar (UG).

10. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Instead of approaching development from a psychoanalytic or psychosocial perspective, Piaget focused on children’s cognitive growth. He is most widely known for his stage theory of cognitive development, which outlines how children become able to think logically and scientifically over time. As they progress to a new stage, there is a distinct shift in how they think and reason.

11. 4 Major Models of Cognitive Perspective Cognitive perspective by Aron Beck Cognitive perspective by Albert Ellis Cognitive perspective of appraisal and coping Cognitive behavioural model

12. Aaron T. Beck He is known as the father of Cognitive Therapy. Beck took a different approach to therapy for his depressed patients, It opened the door to a new way of doing things. " five most influential psychotherapists of all time." He has made a lasting impact on the mental health world through his work. He developed a cognitive therapy which focuses on the way a person is thinking. Beck believed that if you  could challenge the person's negative thinking , and replace it with better thoughts, you could have a positive impact on the health of the individual.

13. What Is Cognitive Therapy? Through his work, Beck became convinced of the impact that thoughts had on an individual. He developed a cognitive therapy which focuses on the way a person is thinking. It deals with people's thoughts and behaviors and the impact that they have on that person. Instead of focusing on working back to a person's past and childhood, cognitive therapy focuses on the thoughts that the person is having at present. During his work as a psychiatrist, Beck began to see that his depressed patients tended to have negative thoughts. This is what set him on the path to discovering how a person's thoughts impact their behavior.

14. How It Works It's not that people didn't know that people with depression had negative thoughts, it is what order they came in. Beck believed that when someone was allowing their thoughts to be negative, it led to depression . He believed that thoughts, feelings, and behavior were all linked together. When someone thought negatively, they then felt bad, which causes them to behave poorly. Then, it becomes a cycle. When the person acts poorly, they have negative outcomes to situations which causes them to have more negative thoughts. Beck saw that the way to break this cycle was actually by changing the thoughts before focusing on changing the behavior. He believed that if a person is working on correcting their thoughts, they would eventually see that their feelings and behavior would change because of it.

15. 3 Dysfunctional Belief Themes "I am defective or inadequate."  When people are depressed, they tend to personalize everything that happens to them. They believe that the reason that negative things happen to them is that they are inadequate or defective. So, instead of seeing that there may be an outside cause of a situation, they internalize the situation. It happened because there is something wrong with them. " All of my experiences result in defeats or failure."  This type of thinking keeps someone struggling with depression in the state for even longer. They do not want to try something new or try to get the help they need because they fail at everything they do. If they are going to fail anyway, then why even try would be a question they would ask themselves. "The future is hopeless."  Beck believed that when someone was suffering from depression that they were consumed with the thought that the future is hopeless. When you look at the first two types of thoughts, it will make sense why someone would think this way after a while.

16. Changing your thinking The first step in changing your thinking is to discover what negative and wrong thoughts you are having. Then, cognitive therapy works to help identify thought patterns that are established in a person's mind. These patterns lead to distorted thoughts that lead to undesirable feelings and behaviors. When the patterns and thoughts have been identified the individual than learns the skills to change the thoughts. Clients that are undergoing cognitive therapy are taught how to identify the difference between their thoughts and reality. They learn how important their thoughts are and to monitor them. Therapy will also include receiving homework that challenges the beliefs and behaviors of the client. For example, it may require that the client put themselves into a social situation that they would normally avoid. As they do the homework, they focus on putting their new skills into practice.

17. Albert Ellis Ellis was born in Pittsburgh in 1913 and raised in New York City. He was an American psychologist and psychotherapist who founded Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy . ( REBT ) His parents were divorced when he was 12 A serious kidney disorder turned his attention from sports to books,

18. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ( REBT ) REBT   -Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy- begins with  ABC !  A is for activating experiences , such as family troubles, unsatisfying work, early childhood traumas, and all the many things we point to as the sources of our unhappiness.  B stands for beliefs , especially the irrational, self-defeating beliefs that are the actual sources of our unhappiness.  C is for consequences , the neurotic symptoms and negative emotions such as depression panic, and rage, that come from our beliefs . It is our irrational beliefs that create long-term, disabling problems!  Ellis adds D and E to ABC:  The therapist must dispute (D) the irrational beliefs, in order for the client to ultimately enjoy the positive psychological effects (E) of rational beliefs.

19. Argument s Irrational beliefs o f client “I must be outstandingly competent, or I am worthless .” “Others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely rotten.” “The world should always give me happiness, or I will die.” The therapist Is there any evidence or this belief? What is the evidence against this belief? What is the worst that can happen if you give up this belief? And what is the best that can happen?

20. 12 Irrational Ideas The idea that it is a dire necessity for adults to be loved by significant others for almost everything they do -- instead of their concentrating on their own self-respect, on winning approval for practical purposes, and on loving rather than on being loved. The idea that certain acts are awful or wicked, and that people who perform such acts should be severely damned -- instead of the idea that certain acts are self-defeating or antisocial, and that people who perform such acts are behaving stupidly, ignorantly, or neurotically, and would be better helped to change. People's poor behaviors do not make them rotten individuals. The idea that it is horrible when things are not the way we like them to be -- instead of the idea that it is too bad, that we would better try to change or control bad conditions so that they become more satisfactory, and, if that is not possible, we had better temporarily accept and gracefully lump their existence . The idea that human misery is invariably externally caused and is forced on us by outside people and events -- instead of the idea that neurosis is largely caused by the view that we take of unfortunate conditions. The idea that if something is or may be dangerous or fearsome we should be terribly upset and endlessly obsess about it -- instead of the idea that one would better frankly face it and render it non-dangerous and, when that is not possible, accept the inevitable. The idea that it is easier to avoid than to face life difficulties and self-responsibilities -- instead of the idea that the so-called easy way is usually much harder in the long run .

21. The idea that we absolutely need something other or stronger or greater than ourself on which to rely -- instead of the idea that it is better to take the risks of thinking and acting less depen dently . The idea that we should be thoroughly competent, intelligent , and achieving in all possible respects -- instead of the idea that we would better do rather than always need to do well and accept ourself as a quite imperfect creature, who has general human limitations and specific fallibilities. The idea that because something once strongly affected our life, it should indefinitely affect it -- instead of the idea that we can learn from our past experiences but not be overly-attached to or prejudiced by them. The idea that we must have certain and perfect c ontrol over things -- instead of the idea that the world is full of probability and chance and that we can still enjoy life despite this. The idea that human happiness can be achieved by inertia and inaction -- instead of the idea that we tend to  be happiest when we are vitally absorbed in creative pursuits, or when we are devoting ourselves to people or projects outside ourselves. The idea that we have virtually no control over our emotions and that we cannot help feeling disturbed about things -- instead of the idea that we have real control over our destructive emotions if we choose to work at changing the musturbatory hypotheses which we often employ to create them.

22. Cognitive perspective of appraisal The concept of cognitive appraisal was advanced in 1966 by psychologist Richard Lazarus in the book Psychological Stress and Coping Process. Cognitive appraisal refers to  the personal interpretation of a situation that ultimately influences the extent to  which the situation is perceived as stressful . Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially , our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal.

23. Coping The person’s constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the person’s resources Three key features : Process oriented – focuses on what is actually thought and done in the stressful encounter Contextual – considers the appraisal of the demands during the stressor and available resources Adaptive (changes) – coping is a shifting process from one form of coping to another as the status of the person-environment relationship changes Coping is a major factor in the relationship between stressful and adaptive/maladaptive outcomes (e.g., depression, somatic illness)

24. Developing healthier thinking Cognitive behavior therapy is based on a cognitive theory of psychopathology. The cognitive model describes how people’s perceptions of, or spontaneous thoughts about, situations influence their emotional, behavioral (and often physiological) reactions. Individuals ’ perceptions are often distorted and dysfunctional when they are distressed. They can learn to identify and evaluate their “automatic thoughts” (spontaneously occurring verbal or imaginal cognitions), and to correct their thinking so that it more closely resembles reality. When they do so, their distress usually decreases, they are able to behave more functionally, and (especially in anxiety cases), their physiological arousal abates.

25. Cognitive model explains Individuals also learn to identify and modify their distorted beliefs, their basic understanding of themselves, their worlds, and other people . These distorted beliefs influence their processing of information, and give rise to their distorted thoughts. The cognitive model explains individuals’ emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses as mediated by their perceptions of experience , which are influenced by their beliefs and by their characteristic ways of interacting with the world, as well as by the experiences themselves. Therapists use a gentle Socratic questioning process to help patients evaluate and respond to their automatic thoughts and beliefs—and they also teach them to engage in this evaluation process themselves. Therapists may also help patients design behavioral experiments to carry out between sessions to test cognitions that are in the form of predictions. When patients’ thoughts are valid, therapists do problem solving, evaluate patients’ conclusions, and work with them to accept their difficulties.

26. Cognitive behavioural model

27. The Cognitive Model The cognitive model describes how people’s thoughts and perceptions influence their lives. Often , distress can distort people’s perceptions, and that, in turn, can lead to unhealthy emotions and behaviors. CBT helps individuals learn to identify and evaluate their “automatic thoughts” and shift their thinking to be healthier. The cognitive model is at the core of CBT, and it plays a critical role in helping therapists use gentle Socratic questioning to develop treatments.