Comman fungal disease of crop plant

Fungi constitute the largest number of plant pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases. Most vegetable diseases are caused by fungi. They damage plants by killing cells and/or causing plant stress. Sources of fungal infections are infected seed, soil, crop debris, nearby crops and weeds.

1. SHRI SHANKARACHARYA MAHAVIDYALAYA JUNWANI, BHILAI COMMAN FUNGAL DISEASE OF CROP PLANT Dr. Racahna Choudhary HOD Microbiology

2. Synopsis :- Introduction Term and definitions Plant pathology Selected plant disease (fungal disease) Late blight disease of potato Tikka disease of groundnut Red rot of sugarcane Conclusion References

3. Introduction :- The study of microbial disease of crop plant is called plant pathology. Plant pathology is a branch of botany.

4. Definition :- Several definition of diseases of plant s have been proposed by different scientists from time to time, these are :- Anon (1950) :- Defined disease as “harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological process”. According to the modern concept : - Disease is an interaction among the host, parasite and environment.

5. Comman fungal diseases :- The plant diseases are caused by pathogens. Fungal diseases 1. Late blight of potato, 2. Tikka disease of groundnut, 3. Red rot of sugarcane.

6. Late blight of potato :- Introduction :- The disease causes blight symptom which appears middle to late in the season. late blight of potato was available in that area as an endemic disease.

7. Host : Solanum tuberosum . Symptoms : - On foliage Inside the tuber (a). During growing season (b). During harvest Fig. Late blight of potato : Blighted leaf. Fig. Late blight of potato : Diseased tuber (in section)

8. Causal organism:- Phytopthora infestans , belongs to the subdivision Mastigomycotina under the division Eumycota . Fig. Late blight of potato : Section of diseased leaf showing sporangiophore coming out through stomata.

9. Fig. Sporangium on branched sporangiophore . Fig. Single sporangium. Fig. Germination of sporangium by prpducing zoospore. Fig. Direct germination of sporangium. Fig. Single Oospore .

10. Disease cycle:-

11. Disease management:- Cultural method Physical methods Chemical methods Brestan (1kg/ha), Dithane M-45 (2 kg/ha) Difolitan 80WP (2.5 kg/ha)

12. Tikka Disease of Groundnut :- Introduction :- The disease, caused by Cercospora , is also known as Cercospora leaf spot . Host :- Arachis hypogea .

13. Symptoms :- Fig. Tikka disease of groundnut (Symptoms on leaflets)

14. Causal organism :- Cercospora arachidicola (early leaf spot) : - Cercosporidium personatum ( late leaf spot ) :- Fig. ( Cercospora arachidicola ) Stroma bering conidiophores and conidia. Fig. ( Cercosporidium personatum ) Section through infected leaf showing conidiophores and conidia.

15. Disease cycle:-

16. Disease management:- Cultural method :- Sanitation. Crop rotation. Early sowing. Chemical methods :- Seed treatment. Foliar spray

17. Red rot of sugarcane :- Introduction :- The disease is prevalent in most of the sugarcane growing areas of the world in moderate to most destructive from. Host :- Saccharum officinarum .

18. Symptoms :- On stem. Inside steam. On leaf. Fig. Red rot of sugarcane : A-B. Dry, shriveled cane due to pathogenic attack, C-D. Reddening (black in figure) of the pith with white transvers blotches. Fig. Showing symptoms on mid rib.

19. Causal organism :- The causal organism is Colletotrichum falcatum . Fig. Red rot of sugarcane : ( Colletotrichum falcatum . ) A. Acervuli , B. Conidia and C. Germination of conidia.

20. Disease cycle:-

21. Disease management:- Cultural method :- Field sanitation. Selection of seed sets. Crop rotation. Physical methods :- Hot water treatment. Hot air treatment. Chemical methods

22. Conclusion :- Fungi commonly enter in the root by hyphae developed on germination of different type of spores and gradually grow upwards through the xylem vessel and subsequently block the vessel by mycelium and further cause infection.

23. References Plant disease R.S.Singh 8 th edition) Agriculture Microbiology By G. Rangaswami & D. J. Bagyaraj Text book of botany by Singh, Pandey and Jain Fungi by Vashishta

24. Thank you