Common disease of oral cavity

common disease of oral cavity

1. COMMON DISEASES OF
ORAL CAVITY
SUBMITTED BY
ArabindaChangmai
M.pharm2
nd
sem
Department of pharmacy
Assam downtown university

2. CONTENT
Common diseases of oral cavity
Tooth decay
Periodentaldisease
Thrush
Trench mouth
Dry mouth
Hepatic gingivastomatitis
Mumps
Mouth ulcer
Tooth erosion
Stain teeth
Cavities
Hyperdontia-Extra teeth
Malocclusion
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

3. TOOTH DECAY (Dental carries)
ETIOLOGY
•Accumulationoffoodparticles.
•Accumulationofbacteriaingelatinousmass.Called
as“plague”.
•Anacrobicfermentationofsugarinsaliva.
•Releaseoflacticacid.
•Breakdownofmineralspresentinenamel.
•Affectinternalcompound–dentin,pulptissue.
PRECAUTIONS
•Low sugar containing diet.
•Low fluoride.
•Proper brushing
Toothdecay,alsoknownasdentalcariesorcavities,isabreakdownofteethduetoacidsmadeby
bacteria.Thecavitiesmaybeanumberofdifferentcolorsfromyellowtoblack.Themostcommon
bacteriaassociatedwithdentalcavitiesarethemutansstreptococci,mostprominentlyStreptococcus
mutansandStreptococcussobrinus,andlactobacilli.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

4. PERIODENTAL DISEASE
Periodentaldiseaseisaseriousguminfectionthatdamagethesofttissueand
destroysthebonethatsupporttheteeth.Periodentaldiseasecancauseteeth
toloosenorleadtotoothloss.Itisacommondisorderbutlargelypreventable.
Itiscausedbyporphyromonasstraptococus,Actinomyces
TYPES
The two most common periodentaldiseasediseases are:
•Gingivitis
•Periodontitis
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

5. •Gingivitis
Mostchildrenhavesignsofsomeinflammation
ofthegingivaltissueatthenecksoftheteeth;
amongadults,theinitialstageofgumdisease
isprevalent.Thisconditionistermedgingivitis
andischaracterisedbyrednessofthegum
margins,swellingandbleedingonbrushing.
•Periodontitis
Whenperiodontaldiseaseaffectsthebone
andsupportingtissue,itistermedperiodontitis
andischaracterisedbytheformationof
pocketsorspacesbetweenthetoothand
gums.Thismayprogressandcausechronic
periodontaldestructionleadingtolooseningor
lossofteeth.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

6. SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms of periodontitis can include:
•Swollen or puffy gums
•Bright red, dusky red or purplish gums
•Gums that feel tender when touched
•Gums that bleed easily
•Gums that pull away from your teeth (recede), making your teeth look longer
than normal
•New spaces developing between your teeth
•Painful chewing
DRUGS
•Tetracyclin
•Deoxycyclin
•Macrolite
PREVENTION
•Properhygieneofteeth
•Brushingproperlyonaregularbasis
•Regulardentalcheck-upsandprofessional
teethcleaningasrequired.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

7. TRENCH MOUTH
•Itisasevereguminfectioncausedbya
buildupofbacteria.
•ItiscausedbyPrevatellaIntermedia,
FusobacteriumSpecies,Treponemavicentri.
•ItisgenerallyoccurinHIVinfectedpatient.
•Itissevereperiodentis.
CAUSES
•Poordentalhygiene
•Poornutrition
•Smoking
•Stress
•Infectionofmouth,teethorthroat.
•HIVandAIDS
•diabetes
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

8. SYMPTOMS
•Badbreathorbadtasteinthe
mouth.
•Bleedinginresponsetoirritationor
pressure.
•Ulcersinthemouth
•Fatigue
•Fever
•Grayishfilmonthegums.
•Gumsthatarered,swollen,or
bleeding.
•Paininthegums.
TRETAMENT
•Antibiotics to stop the infection from
spreading further. Examples-
amoxicillin, clindamycin, deoxycyclin.
•Pain relievers
•Professional cleaning from a dental
hygienist.
•Proper ongoing oral hygiene.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

9. THRUSH
Theimmunesystemandthebody'snormal
bacteriausuallykeepCandidainbalance.
Whenthisbalanceisinterrupted,itcanresultin
anovergrowthoftheCandida fungus,
causingthrush,ayeastinfectionofthemouth
orthroat.ItiscausedbyCandidaAblicans.
PREVENTION
•Brushingregularly.
•Cleaningdenture.
•Attendingdentalappointmentregularly.
•Keepingdiabetesundercontrol.
•Rinsingthemouthaftercorticosteroid.
•Stoppingsmoking.
TREATMENT
•Fluconazol, Clotrimazollozenge, Itraconazolewhich
are oral antifungal drug.
•Nystatin, which is a antifungal mouthwash.
•Amphotericin B, which is a drug used to treat severe
infection.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

10. DRY MOUTH
•Itcauseduetothedecreasesecretionofsaliva.
•Drymouthisoftenduetothesideeffectofcertainmedicationsoraging
issuesorasaresultofradiationtherapyforcancer.
SYMPTOMS
•Drynessorafeelingofstickinessinyourmouth
•Salivathatseemsthickandstringy
•Badbreath
•Difficultychewing,speakingandswallowing
•Dryorsorethroatandhoarseness
•Dryorgroovedtongue
•Achangedsenseoftaste
CAUSES
•Medications
•Aging
•Cancertherapy
•Nervedamage
•Otherhealthconditions
•Tobaccoandalcoholuse
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

11. HEPATIC GINGIVASTOMATITIS
•It is a viral infection of the oral mucous membrane caused by herpes simplex
virus-I(HSV-I).
•Usually HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE I (HSV-1), and rarely TYPE II (HSV-2).
SYMPTOMS
•High fever
•Anorexia
•Irritability
•Sore mouth lesions
•Not able to chew or swallow
•General discomfort,
uneasiness, or ill feeling
•Halitosis(bad breath)
TREATMENT
•Treatment includes fluid
intake
•Good oral hygiene
•Gentle debridementof the
mouth
•Drugs used are-Acyclovir,
famcicyclovir, valacyclovir
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

12. MUMPS
•Mumpsisacontagiousdiseasecausedbyavirusthatpassesfromone
persontoanotherthroughsaliva,nasalsecretions,andclosepersonal
contact.
•Theconditionprimarilyaffectsthesalivaryglands,alsocalledtheparotid
glands.Theseglandsareresponsibleforproducingsaliva.Therearethree
setsofsalivaryglandsoneachsideofyourface,locatedbehindandbelow
yourears.
•Itisacommunicabledisease,modeoftransmissionis
contaminatedsalivaandrespiratorydroplet.
•Themumpsvirusisanenvelopedsingle-stranded,
linearnegative-senseRNAvirusoftheRubulavirus
genusandParamyxovirusfamily.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

13. SYMPTOMS
•Fatigueweakness
•Bodyaches
•Headache
•Lossofappetite
•Low-gradefever
•Musclepain
•painfulswellingofusuallybothand
sometimesonlyoneparotidsalivary
glands.
PREVENTION
•Themostcommon preventative
measure againstmumps isa
vaccinationwithamumpsvaccine
•Thevaccinemaybegivenseparately
oraspartoftheMMRimmunization
vaccinethatalsoprotectsagainst
measlesandrubella
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

14. MOUTH ULCER
Mouth ulcers —also known as canker sores—are normally small, painful
lesions that develop in mouth or at the base of your gums.
Therearethreetypesofcankersores:minor,major,and
herpetiform.
•Minor
Minorcankersoresaresmallovalorroundulcersthat
healwithinonetotwoweekswithnoscarring.
•Major
Majorcankersoresarelargeranddeeperthanminor
ones.Theyhaveirregularedgesandcantakeuptosixweeks
toheal.Majormouthulcerscanresultinlong-termscarring.
•Herpetiform
Herpetiformcankersoresarepinpointsize,occurin
clustersof10to100,andoftenaffectadults.Thistypeofmouth
ulcerhasirregularedgesandwilloftenhealwithoutscarring
withinonetotwoweeks.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

15. CAUSES
•Minormouthinjuryfromdentalwork,hardbrushing,sportsinjury,or
accidentalbite
•Lackofessentialvitamins,especiallyB-12,zinc,folate,andiron
•Allergicresponsetomouthbacteria
•Dentalbraces
•Hormonalchangesduringmenstruation
•Emotionalstressorlackofsleep
•Bacterial,viral,orfungalinfections
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

16. TREATMENT
•Usingarinseofsaltwaterandbakingsoda
•Placingmilkofmagnesiaonthemouthulcer
•Coveringmouthulcerswithbakingsodapaste
•Usingover-the-counterbenzocaine(topicalanesthetic)productslikeorajelor
anbesol
•Applyingicetocankersores
•Usingamouthrinsethatcontainsasteroidtoreducepainandswelling
•Placingdampteabagsonyourmouthulcer
•Takingnutritionalsupplementslikefolicacid,vitaminB-6,vitaminB-12,andzinc
•Tryingnaturalremediessuchaschamomiletea,echinacea,myrrh,andlicorice
root
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

17. TOOTH EROSION
•Itisdefinedastheirreversiblelossoftooth
structureduetochemicaldissolutionbyacidsnot
ofbacterialorigin.
•Themostcommoncauseoferosionisbyacidic
foodsanddrinks.Ingeneral,foodsanddrinkswith
apHbelow5.0–5.7havebeenknowntotrigger
dentalerosioneffects.
CAUSES
•Accumulationoffoodparticles.
•Accumulationofbacteriaingelatinousmass.
Calledas“plague”.
•Anacrobicfermentationofsugarinsaliva.
•Releaseoflacticacid.
•Sessationoccursduetoerosionofteethby
lacticacid.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

18. STAIN TEETH
Teethcanbecomediscoloredbystainsonthe
surfaceorbychangesinsidethetooth.Thereare
threemaintypesoftoothdiscoloration:
•Extrinsic
Thisoccurswhentheouterlayerofthetooth(the
enamel)isstained.Coffee,tobacco,wine,colaor
otherdrinksorfoodscanstainteeth.Smokingalso
causesextrinsicstains.
•Intrinsic
Thisiswhentheinnerstructureofthetooth(the
dentin)darkensorgetsayellowtint.
•Age-related
Thisisacombinationofextrinsicandintrinsic
factors.Dentinnaturallyyellowsovertime.The
enamelthatcoverstheteethgetsthinnerwith
age,whichallowsthedentintoshowthrough.
Foodsandsmokingalsocanstainteethaspeople
getolder.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

19. CAVITIES
•Acavity,alsocalledtoothdecay,isaholethat
formsinyourtooth.Cavitiesstartsmalland
graduallybecomebiggerwhenthey’releft
untreated.
SYMPTOMSOFTOOTHCAVITIES
•Toothsensitivity
•Toothpain
•Avisibleholeinyourteeth
•Blackorwhitestainingonyourteeth
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

20. CAUSES OF TOOTH CAVITIES
•Tooth cavities are caused by plaque, a sticky
substance that binds to teeth. Plaque is a
combination of:
•bacteria
•saliva
•acid
•food particles
TREATMENT
•Tooth fillings
•Crowns
•Root canal
•Early stage treatment
•Dealing with pain
COMPLICATIONS FROM TOOTH CAVITIES
Atoothcavitycancauseavarietyofcomplicationsifit’s
leftuntreated.Theseinclude:
•Ongoingtoothpain
•Thedevelopmentofpusaroundtheinfectedtooth
•Anincreasedriskforbreakingorchippingatooth
•Difficultychewingfood
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

21. HYPERDONTIA-Extra teeth
Hyperdontiaistheconditionofhaving
supernumeraryteeth,orteeththatappearin
additiontotheregularnumberofteeth.Theycan
appearinanyareaofthedentalarchandcan
affectanydentalorgan.
TYPES
•Supernumeraryteethcanbeclassifiedbyshape
andbyposition.Theshapesincludethe
following:
•Supplemental(wherethetoothhasanormal
shapefortheteethinthatseries);
•Tuberculate(alsocalledbarrelshaped);
•Conical(alsocalledpegshaped);
•Compound odontoma(multiplesmalltooth-like
forms);
•Complexodontoma(adisorganizedmassof
dentaltissue)
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

22. CAUSES
•Genetic factor
•Environmental factor
•Overactivityof the dental lamina during tooth development
TRETAMENT
Itisimportanttodetect,evaluate,andtreatsupernumeraryteethassoonaspossible
sincetheadditionalteethwillpresentbothcosmeticandfunctionalproblemsforthe
affectedindividual.Asamajorityofsupernumeraryteethcauseclinicalproblems,
treatmentgenerallyconsistsofremovaloftheteethwhenpossible.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

23. MALOCCLUSION
Amalocclusionisamisalignmentorincorrect
relationbetweentheteethofthetwodental
archeswhentheyapproacheachotheras
thejawsclose.
CAUSES
•Malocclusionisoftenpresentatbirthand
canmanifestasspacebetweentheteeth,
irregularjawormouthsize,orevenacleft
palate.
•Itcanalsobeacquiredfromhabitssuchas
thumbsucking,tonguethrusting,premature
lossofteethfromanaccidentordental
disease,ormedicalconditionssuchas
enlargedtonsilsandadenoidsthatleadto
mouthbreathing.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

24. TREATMENT
Devices
Dentures, Braces, and Clear aligners
Preventative
Hygiene
Personal cleanliness that promotes health and well-being. For example, washing hands before
eating.
Surgery
Orthognathic surgery and Maxillomandibularadvancement
Specialists
Dentist
Specialisesin diseases of the oral cavity, especially the teeth.
Department of pharmacy, ADTU

25. REFERENCE
•https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/gum-disease/more-info
•www.healthline.com/health/thrush#causes
•www.emedicinehealth.com/oral_thrush/article_em.htm
•www.medical.theclinics.com/article/S0025-7125(14)00132-1
•Systemic Disease Manifestations in the Oral Cavity Geraldine N. Urse, DO,
FACOFP Doctors Hospital Family Practice, Grove City, Ohio
•Touyz, SW, LiewVP, Tseng P. Oral and dental complications in dieting
disorders. IntJ Eat Disord. 1993 Nov;14(3):341-7
Department of pharmacy, ADTU