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common infectious diseases (1).pptx

1. Common Infectious Diseases Among School Going Children In District Haripur By F21-0129-MIC/M.Phil./UOH Supervisor: Dr Abid Nawaz Department Of University Of Haripur

2. Contents Introduction/Literature review Statement of the problem Objectives Hypothesis Significance of this research Significance of possible outcome Novelty/Contribution of the research work Materials and Methods Sample collection Measurements Procedure Ethical consideration Time Frame References

3. Introduction Infectious diseases are disorders that are caused by organisms, usually microscopic in size, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that are passed, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Approximately 2.2 million deaths were reported among school-age children and young people in 2019, and infectious diseases remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in low and middle-income countries ( Rabia et al ., 2022)

4. Diarrhea and respiratory illnesses; communicable diseases associated with poor hygiene are regarded as the deadliest killers of young children in Pakistan. S chool children despite being informed about the significance of handwashing were not able to practice due to lack of hygiene enabling facilities at the schools . Thus, schools’ physical environment has a strong influence on children’s overall hygiene practices ( Nausheen et al ., 2020 ).

5. History of Common Infectious Diseases Respiratory Infections: Influenza: Documented throughout history, with major pandemics like the Spanish flu of 1918. Common Cold: Generally mild but widespread, with ancient references to cold-like symptoms. Pneumonia: Recognized since ancient times, bacterial pneumonia was a leading cause of death before antibiotics ( Murray et al ., 2020). Gastrointestinal Infections: Diarrhea: Linked to contaminated food and water sources, with notable outbreaks like cholera pandemics. Viral Gastroenteritis: Major cause of acute gastroenteritis, with rotavirus vaccines reducing severe cases. Parasitic Infections: Associated with poor sanitation, emphasizing the need for clean water and hygiene.

6. Skin Infections: Impetigo: Bacterial skin infection, prevalent among children, documented since ancient times. Scabies: Caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mite, leading to intense itching and skin lesions. Fungal Infections: Thrive in warm, moist environments, transmitted through direct contact or contaminated surfaces. Vector-Borne Diseases: Dengue Fever: Spread by Aedes mosquito vector, leading to periodic epidemics in tropical regions. Malaria: Afflicted humans for millennia, control efforts include insecticide spraying, bed nets, and ongoing vaccine research.

7. Problem Statement Identifying the barriers hindering the adoption of personal and environmental hygiene practices among school children. Examining the correlation between mothers' enhanced hygiene knowledge/practices and the improvement of children's hygiene knowledge. Investigating the effectiveness of school-based hygiene interventions in reducing the prevalence of communicable illnesses among school children in district Haripur .

8. Objectives of the study To identify the Key point indicators of infectious diseases among school-going children in District Haripur. To analyze the demographic and socio-economic factors influencing the incidence of these diseases. To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding prevention and treatment among parents and children. To propose recommendations for effective prevention and control strategies.

9. Contribution of Research work The research on common infectious diseases among school-going children in District Haripur will contribute significantly by: Providing insights into public health by identifying prevalent diseases and patterns. Identifying high-risk populations based on demographic and socio-economic factors. Highlighting areas for health education to improve prevention and treatment practices. Offering evidence-based policy recommendations for improving sanitation, healthcare access, and vaccination. Facilitating community engagement for sustainable disease prevention efforts. Ultimately, aiming for long-term improvements in child health, educational attainment, and community well-being in District Haripur.

10. Materials and Methods Study Design: A cross-sectional study design will be employed . Setting: Schools, households, and healthcare facilities within District Haripur . Sampling: Random sampling of schools within District Haripur will be conducted. The sample size will be calculated using the following formula : N N = n ≈ 384.16 Data Collection: Structured questionnaires will be administered to parents/guardians and children. Medical records will also be reviewed. Data Analysis: Statistical software will be used to analyze the data, including frequency distribution, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to identify associations and predictors .  

11. Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria Inclusion Criteria: Population: School-going children (ages 5-18 years) residing in District Haripur. Diseases: Individuals diagnosed with or experiencing symptoms of respiratory infections (e.g., influenza, common cold, pneumonia), gastrointestinal infections (e.g., diarrhea, viral gastroenteritis, parasitic infections), skin infections (e.g., impetigo, scabies, fungal infections), and vector-borne diseases (e.g., dengue fever, malaria). Exclusion Criteria: Age: Children outside the specified age range (5-18 years). Location: Individuals residing outside District Haripur. Diseases: Individuals not diagnosed with or experiencing symptoms of the specified infectious diseases. Incomplete Data: Records with missing or insufficient information for analysis. Duplicate Data: Duplicate entries or redundant information. Non-Consensual Participation: Data collected without informed consent from participants or guardians.

12. Expected Outcomes Prevalence Rates: Determine the prevalence of infectious diseases among school children in District Haripur, aiding in resource allocation and public health planning. Risk Factor Identification: Identify demographic and socio-economic factors associated with disease incidence, guiding targeted interventions to reduce disease burden. Knowledge Assessment: Evaluate parental and child knowledge on disease prevention, informing tailored health education initiatives. Healthcare Utilization: Assess healthcare-seeking behavior, identifying barriers to access and opportunities for improvement. Impact Assessment: Evaluate the effectiveness of existing interventions and propose evidence-based recommendations for future strategies.

13. Time Frame S.no Research Components Time Required 1 Introduction/Hypothesis/Research Questions/ Objectives and Literature Review 2 Data collection 3 Statistical Data Analysis 4 Thesis Writing

14. References Khan , D. S. A., Naseem , R., Salam, R. A., Lassi , Z. S., Das, J. K., & Bhutta , Z. A . (2022). Interventions for High-Burden Infectious Diseases in Children and Adolescents : A Meta-analysis.  Pediatrics ,  149 ( Suppl 5), e2021053852C. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053852C Pradhan, N.A., Mughis , W., Ali, T.S.  et al.  School-based interventions to promote personal and environmental hygiene practices among children in Pakistan: protocol for a mixed methods study.  BMC Public Health   20 , 481 (2020 ). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08511-0 Mahreen  Butt,  Raihan  Mohammed,  Eman  Butt,  Sundas  Butt &  Jinpo  Xiang ( 2020) . Why Have Immunization Efforts in Pakistan Failed to Achieve Global Standards of Vaccination Uptake and Infectious Disease Control? Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13:, 111-124, DOI:  10.2147/RMHP.S211170 Murray CJL, Lopez AD, editors. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank; 1996.

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