COMMON MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS in PSYCHOLOGY

Common mental health disorders types and symptoms in adults and children

1. COMMON MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS PRIYAMVADHA PANDIAN

2. AGENDA MENTAL HEALTH VS MENTAL DISORDERS CATEGORIES OF MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS GENERAL RISK FACTORS COMMON MENTAL HEALTH AILMENTS IN ADULTS DEPRESSION ANXIETY COMMON MENTAL HEALTH AILMENTS IN CHILDREN AND TEENS COMMON MENTAL HEALTH AILMENTS IN CHILDREN By Priyamvadha Pandian

3. OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE – INTERPRETATION OF SCORES 1-2 : Not happy. Chances of being depressed 2-3 : Somewhat unhappy. Should try out further exercises like mindfulness and gratitude. 3-4 : Not particularly happy or unhappy. Take extra efforts to ge t into the happy zone. 4 : Somewhat happy or moderately happy. Satisfied.  4-5 : Rather happy; pretty happy. 5-6 : Very happy. 6 : Too happy. More than the optimum level. By Priyamvadha Pandian

4. MENTAL HEALTH VS MENTAL ILLNESS GOOD MENTAL HEALTH INDICATORS MENTAL ILLNESS INDICATORS Resiliency to Stress Frequent feelings of stress, mood swings Flexible and adaptable Resistant to change Optimism Profound negativity Stable relationships Being asocial, non empathetic Self confident Low self esteem Respect for self and others Harmful to self or others Productive Inability to perform everyday tasks Self content and self sufficient Lack of feeling, feeling indifferent By Priyamvadha Pandian

5. WHAT ARE MENTAL DISORDERS? 1 in 8 people suffer from some kind of mental disorders Disturbances in thinking, behaviors, emotions, perceptions Systems that identify and classify mental diseases are ICD 11, DSM 5 Assessing the symptoms enables early intervention and treatment for the victims By Priyamvadha Pandian

6. BROAD CATEGORIES Depressive disorders – Bipolar affective disorder, Postpartum depression, Major depressive disorder Anxiety disorders – General Anxiety disorder, Phobias, Panic disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorders, Paranoia Behavioral disorders – Eating disorders, Disruptive behaviors and dissocial behaviors Dissociative disorders – Dissociative amnesia, Depersonalization disorder, Dissociative Identity Disorder Neurodevelopmental disorders – ADHD, ASD More severe disorders – Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder By Priyamvadha Pandian

7. DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 1. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

8. SYMPTOMS Persistent depressed mood Inability to function through everyday activities Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed Changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, suicidal thoughts MDD with onset of postpartum is called “Postpartum Depression” Can occur in teens too resulting in poor academic performance, substance use, social withdrawal Causes are genetic, environmental, abuse as a child, traumatic episodes By Priyamvadha Pandian

9. TREATMENT CBT, Interpersonal therapy SSRI, antidepressants When drugs fail, ECT and TMS Include diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids, B vitamins and Magnesium Avoiding alcohol and regulating sleep, getting sunlight and moderate exercise By Priyamvadha Pandian

10. ANXIETY DISORDERS 1. POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

11. SYMPTOMS Vivid flashbacks (feeling like the trauma is happening right now) Intrusive thoughts or images. Intense distress at real or symbolic reminders of the trauma. Physical sensations such as pain, sweating, nausea or trembling, upset stomach Sleep disturbances, nightmares Starts from one month after the traumatic incident For younger children, it may be shown as reenactment of the traumatic incident through play and nightmares By Priyamvadha Pandian

12. CAUSES By Priyamvadha Pandian

13. TREATMENT Individual trauma focused psychotherapy CBT and CPT for 12 weeks Take the blame away from the individual, get them to accept the past events, improve their self esteem and move forward Self care with relaxation techniques Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Stress Inoculation Training Medications By Priyamvadha Pandian

14. ANXIETY DISORDERS 2. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

15. SYMPTOMS Obsessive symptoms: Fear of loss of control, not dealing with uncertainty Unwanted, disruptive thoughts leading to disruptive actions Fear of contamination, dirt Unpleasant sexual images, religious thoughts Compulsive symptoms: Washing and cleaning. Checking. Counting. Ordering. Following a strict routine. Demanding reassurance. By Priyamvadha Pandian

16. By Priyamvadha Pandian

17. TREATMENT The best therapy method for OCD is CBT ERP – exposure and response prevention is also used Four steps of ERP include Relabel Reattribute Refocus Revalue Typically needs upto 20 sessions to see improvements SSRIs for upto 12 weeks is recommended if therapy doesn’t show results By Priyamvadha Pandian

18. BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS 1. EATING DISORDERS

19. WHAT IS IT? Affects physical, social and psychological functions Anorexia Nervosa – Intense fear of gaining weight, avoiding food, and exercise excessively Bulimia Nervosa – Rapid food consumption, secretive binge eating, low consumption of safe foods Other common disorders are Binge eating, Pica, Rumination disorder By Priyamvadha Pandian

20. DIAGNOSIS Anorexia Nervosa : Malnutrition, Gastrointestinal problems, Muscle weakness, Cold intolerance, Menstrual period irregularities Bulimia nervosa Chronic sore throat Swelling of the salivary glands in the cheeks Dental decay resulting from erosion of tooth enamel by stomach acid Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux Laxative or diet pill misuse Recurrent unexplained diarrhea, especially right after meals By Priyamvadha Pandian

21. TREATMENT Therapy techniques include: Nutrition therapy, Talk therapy, Occupation and Physical therapy, Family therapy, Mindfulness By Priyamvadha Pandian

22. BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS 2. DISSOCIAL DISORDERS

23. SEVERE MENTAL DISORDERS 1. SCHIZOPHRENIA

24. WHAT IS IT? It is mostly genetic, due to a chemical imbalance in the brain. People having childlike silliness, odd behaviors like smiling talking to themselves, disorganized speech, impaired ability to live Starts from mid to early 20s By Priyamvadha Pandian

25. DIAGNOSIS Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence) Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression) Disturbances for the past six months Affecting work, interpersonal relations, self-care Diagnosis is made if there is already existing ASD or communication disorder as a child By Priyamvadha Pandian

26. TREATMENT An integrated approach is recommended – Therapy + medication Therapy techniques used : Talk therapy, CBT, psychosocial therapy, Social skills training Activities to encourage : card games, chess, jigsaw puzzles, walking By Priyamvadha Pandian

27. SEVERE MENTAL DISORDERS 2. PSYCHOSIS

28. WHAT IS IT? Losing touch with reality Schizophrenia can cause psychosis Substance use, sleep deprivation, agitation, delusions A period of psychosis is called a “psychotic episode”, lasting for a few days or weeks Traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease, Bipolar or delusional disorders By Priyamvadha Pandian

29. DIAGNOSIS Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence) Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression) By Priyamvadha Pandian

30. TREATMENT An integrated approach is recommended Therapy techniques used : Talk therapy, CBT, psychosocial therapy, Social skills training Activities to encourage : card games, chess, jigsaw puzzles, walking By Priyamvadha Pandian

31. SEVERE MENTAL DISORDERS 3. BIPOLAR DISORDER

32. WHAT IS IT? Manic depressive illness or manic depression Unusual shift in person’s mood, energy, activity levels, concentration Three types : Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder Certain genetic factors and brain structure change are found to be in Bipolar individuals By Priyamvadha Pandian

33. DIAGNOSIS Manic and Depressive episodes cycles By Priyamvadha Pandian

34. TREATMENT Talk therapies, CBT, IPT Pharmacological: Anti depressant plus mood stabilizer Other treatment methods include: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) Light therapy   By Priyamvadha Pandian

35. RISK FACTORS Adverse circumstances – poverty, violence, inequality Physical disabilities Biological and genetic factors Social structure and support By Priyamvadha Pandian

36. COMMON DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Behavioural and emotional disorders – Oppositional Defiant disorder, Conduct disorder, Anxiety Learning disabilities Neurodevelopmental disorder – ASD, ADHD, Cerebral palsy, Intellectual disabilities By Priyamvadha Pandian

37. COMMON DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Intellectual disability – Below average cognitive ability in adaptive skill areas IQ of 70 or below Severity can change for the better with therapies and interventions ASD – three levels based on the severity and sustained support required Difficulty initiating social interactions, planning and organization, sometimes verbal and non verbal communication, has repetitive behaviors They need different ways of learning, moving and paying attention Early intervention can help the children become self sustained and function everyday activities without support By Priyamvadha Pandian

38. COMMON DISORDERS IN CHILDREN ASD – Diagnosis according to DSM V 2 of the 4 repetitive restrictive behaviors – sticking to routines, attachment to odd things, repetitive motor movements, hyperactivity to sensory input Persistent deficits in all the social and communication interactions: Failure to initiate or respond to conversations, deficits in non verbal communication, difficulties in adjusting behaviors By Priyamvadha Pandian

39. COMMON DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Risk factors for behavior issues: Gender, Dysfunctional familial structure, Temperament, Learning and Intellectual difficulties, Premature and low birth weight babies, Genetic, Trauma By Priyamvadha Pandian

40. COMMON DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Learning disabilities - Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, Dyscalculia Behavioral disorders – Could be a result of temporary stressors in life or represent some enduring disorders. 1. ODD – frequent anger, does not follow rules, temper tantrums, argues with familiar adults like parents, blames others for their misdeeds, low self esteem, persistent irritation 2. CD – Conduct disorder, refusal to obey any authority, substance misuse at an early age, delinquent behaviors, lack of empathy, aggressive to animals, lying, suicidal tendencies, starting physical fights 3. ADHD – Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity By Priyamvadha Pandian

41. COMMON DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Diagnosis of behavior issues: In-depth interviews with the parents, child and teachers Behaviour checklists or standardised questionnaires. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is used to assess several behavioral issues in children, which is to be filled in by the parents By Priyamvadha Pandian

42. COMMON DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Treatment of behavior issues: Parental psycho education – changing the ways of communication with the child Family therapy CBT to help control the child’s thoughts and feelings Social training and role plays Anger management with relaxation techniques Medication for impulsivity By Priyamvadha Pandian

43. COMMON SIGNS OF MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES IN TEENS Withdrawing from friends and social circles Change s in appetite or sleep Whole new set of friends Not opening up even after making it safe to Self harm behavior, suicidal thoughts Losing interest in things they used to love Loss of interest in academics Substance usage or abuse By Priyamvadha Pandian

44. CASE STUDIES CASE 1: 25 year old man, has been hearing voices and having intrusive thoughts since the past two years. History involves unwanted pregnancy, abusive and aggressive father, separated parents, decreased academic performance since teen age. Complaints of physical fights. Low mood. By Priyamvadha Pandian

45. CASE STUDIES CASE 2: A child who was seemingly normal till one year of age, after 18 months, became aloof, speech regressed, preferred to play alone and eye contact was negligible. As days passed, he became very restless, constantly on the move, and aggressive in behavior. Tantrum throwing became regular, in anger he used to clench his teeth and sometimes use to bite and pinch others. By Priyamvadha Pandian

46. CASE STUDIES CASE 3: A 35-year-old man loses his beloved uncle suddenly to an accident.  Two years later, he developed an obsession that harm would result to loved ones if he did not move or walk in a special way.  The man developed elaborate compulsions that involved stepping in a just right way. The process became time consuming and cumbersome.  Going out in public by himself or with family became an ordeal. By Priyamvadha Pandian

47. FIND THE DISORDER By Priyamvadha Pandian

48. FIND THE DISORDER By Priyamvadha Pandian

49. By Priyamvadha Pandian