common skin disorders by rustom raju,University of Rajshahi

here contain some brief discussion about common disorder of skin

1. NAME: RUSTOM RAJU
ID: 2110526146
NAME: SYED OLIULLAH
ID: 2110926131

2. •Introduction
•Classification
•Features
•Diagnosis
•Treatment
CONTENTS

3. INTRODUCTION OF SKIN DISEASE
Skin diseases are conditions that affects the skin's appearance,
texture, or function.Thesecan include issues like acne, eczema,
psoriasis, dermatitis, and many others. Some skin conditions may
be genetic,whilelifestyle factors may cause others.
Skin disease treatment may include medications,creamsand
ointments,orlifestyle changes.
What are skin diseases?

4. COMMON TYPES OF SKIN DISEASE
Common diseases of the skin are classified as
A. Pigmentarydisease:
i)Hyperpigmentation
ii)Hypopigmentation
B. Disease related to the sebaceous and sweat glands:
i)Acne
i)Prickly heat or Strophus
C. Skin scaling disease:
i)Dandruff
ii)Psoriasis
iii)Effect of aging on skin

5. Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation

6. Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation refers to the darkening of skin due to abnormal
pigmentation on a small area of the skin. This disorder is due to an increase
local synthesis of melanin in the epidermis.
Hyperpigmentation is a common condition that makes some areas of the skin
darker than others. Extra melanin createsspots or patches that look brown,
black, gray, red or pink. The areas are not painful or itchy, but they can make
people self-conscious.
CAUSES:
1. This disorder is due to an increase local synthesis of melanin
in the epidermis.
2. This can be further stimulated by various factors such as
a. sun exposure,
b. hormonal changes,
c. skin injuriesorinflammation.

7. Hyperpigmentation cont…..
Diagnosis :
A healthcare provider can diagnose hyperpigmentation by
1.Visually examination of color difference betweenhyperpigmentedareaand
normal skin.Thathelps in the identification of hyperpigmentation.
2.Wood light test and diascopyof a skin patch helps to view skin pigment more
clearly.
Treatment:
Hyperpigmentation can be treated through various methods, including
1.Topical creams containing ingredients like hydroquinone, retinoids.
2.Chemical peels,
3.Laser therapy and
4.Intense pulsed light (IPL) treatments are also options.
5.Sun protection is crucial to prevent further darkening.

8. Hypopigmentation/ Vitiligo
Hypopigmentation or vitiligo

9. Hypopigmentation / Vitiligo
Synthesis of lesser amount of melanin in part of skin can cause hypopigminatation,
which is called vitiligo,apatchy depigmentation of the skin. So, hypopigmentation
refers to the loss or reduction of skin pigmentation, resulting in lighter patches of skin
compared to the surrounding area.Adecrease or total absence of melanocytes in the
depigmentation areas has been observed.
Diagnosis:
A healthcare provider can diagnose hypopigmentation by
1.Visually examinecolor difference of hypopigmentedarea with normal skin.
2.Physical examination, medical history and
3.Skin biopsy,woodlight test helps todetermine the underlying cause of
hypopigmentation.

10. Treatment:
1.Use of medicaltion:
Corticosteroid creams or ointments can help to promote
repigmentation.
Drugs like tacrolimusmay be prescribed to suppress the immune
response and encourage pigment production.
2.Surgical techniques:
In cases where other treatments have failed, surgical techniques may be
considered to transplant healthy pigmented skin to the affected area.These
tecniquesincludes:
skin grafting,
micropigmentation

11. Disease related to the sebaceous and sweat
glands
Disorders or malfunctions of sebaceous and sweat glands can cause
various skin diseases like acne, prickly heat etc.
Acne like pimples,blackheads,whiteheadsand boils are caused by
the disorders of hair follicles and sebaceous glands and mostly
occurs in face,neck,andupper portion of chest and back.
Miliara, most common of whiochis prickly heat or strophus, is
caused by disorder or sweat glands and mostly occur in neck and
large areas of the skin.

12. ACNE
•
• ACNE

13. ACNE CONT…..
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair
follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It
often results in pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, and can
appear on the face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders.
Acne can range from mild to severe and can cause emotional
distress and self-esteem issues, especially during
adolescence when it's most common. Hormonal changes,
genetics, certain medications, and lifestyle factors like diet
and stress can contribute to acne development.

14. ACNE CONT…..
Types of acne include:
1.Whiteheads: Plugged hair follicles that stay beneath the skin and produce a white bump.
2.Blackheads: Plugged follicles that reach the surface of the skin and open up. They look black on the
skin surface because the air discolors the sebum, not because they are dirty.
3.Papules: Inflamed lesions that usually appear as small, pink bumps on the skin and can be tender to
the touch.
4.Pustules or pimples: Papules topped by white or yellow pus-filled lesions that may be red at the
base.
5.Nodules: Large, painful solid lesions that are lodged deep within the skin.
6.Severe nodular acne (sometimes called cystic acne): Deep, painful, pus-filled lesions.

15. ACNE CONT…..
Causes of Acne
One or more of the following causes can lead to the development of
acne:
1)Excess or high production of sebum .
2)Buildup of dead skin cells in the pore.
3)Growth of bacteria in the pore.

16. ACNE CONT…..
Development of Acne
Excess Oil Production (Sebum): Sebaceous glands in the skin produce an oily substance called sebum. Hormonal
changes, particularly during adolescence, can cause these glands to produce more sebum than usual.
Clogged Pores: Normally, sebum moves through hair follicles to the skin's surface. However, when the follicles are
clogged with dead skin cells and excess sebum, it creates an ideal environment for bacteria to thrive.
Bacterial Growth: The bacterium called Propionibacteriumacnes (P. acnes) is commonly found on the skin. When
trapped within the clogged follicle, it multiplies rapidly, causing inflammation.
Inflammation: The body's immune system responds to the presence of bacteria by sending white blood cells to fight
the infection. This inflammatory response leads to redness, swelling, and the formation of pus-filled lesions known
as pimples or zits.

17. ACNE CONT…..

18. ACNE CONT…..
Treatment:
The treatment of acne typically depends on its severity and type. Here's an overview:
1.Topical Treatments:
Benzoyl Peroxide: Kills bacteria, removes excess oil, and exfoliates dead skin cells.
Salicylic Acid: Helps unclog pores and reduces inflammation.
Retinoids: These help unclog pores and reduce inflammation. They also promote cell
turnover, preventing new acne formation.
Topical Antibiotics: These kill bacteria on the skin and reduce inflammation.
2.Oral Medications:
Antibiotics: These are often prescribed for moderate to severe acne to reduce
inflammation and kill bacteria.
Oral Contraceptives: For females, certain birth control pills can help regulate
hormones that contribute to acne.
Isotretinoin(Accutane): A powerful medication for severe acne that reduces oil
production, prevents clogged pores, and has anti-inflammatory effects.

19. ACNE CONT…..
3.Procedures:
•Laser Therapy: Destroys the bacteria that cause acne and reduces
inflammation.
4.Lifestyle Changes:
Cleanse Gently: Avoid harsh scrubbing or washing too often, as it can
irritate the skin.
Moisturize: Use oil-free, non-comedogenicmoisturizers to keep the skin
hydrated without clogging pores.
Avoid Trigger Foods: Some people find that certain foods, like dairy or
high-glycemic foods, worsen their acne.
Stress Management: Stress can exacerbate acne, so finding ways to manage
stress through relaxation techniques or exercise can be beneficial.
Sun Protection: Use sunscreen to prevent sun damage.

20. Skin Scaling Disorder
i)Psoriasis:
Psoriasis

21. Psoriasis
This is a skin disease characterized by the formation of scaly red patches,particularlyon the
extensor surfaces of the body,mainlyelbows and knees. This site is covered with silvery scales
which on removal show a small bleeding point. Psoriasis is a common, long-term (chronic)
disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches. It can be painful, interfere with sleep and
make it hard to concentrate.
Causes:
The cause of psoriasis isn't fully understood. It's thought to be an immune system problem
where infection-fighting cells attack healthy skin cells by mistake. Researchers believe that it
is an autoimmune condition,thatcause the rapid buildup of skin cell.
Treatment:
Steroid creams or ointments (topical corticosteroids)are commonly used to treat mild to
moderate psoriasis in most areas of the body. The treatment works by reducing inflammation.
This slows the production of skin cells and reduces itching. Topical corticosteroids range in
strength from mild to very strong.

22. ii)Dandruff:

23. Dandruff
This is characterized by flacking of stratum corneumand mostly occurs on
sculp.
The reason suggested for this condition can be microbial
infection,immunologicalor normal disorder at the surface of stratum corneum
.
Treatment:
Regular washing of the scalp with a medicated shampoomay be all that is
required to relieve itching scalp. The most common anti-dandruff shampoos
contain one or more of: zinc pyrithioneor zinc omadine,selenium sulphide.

24. Effect of aging on skin
Aging affects the characters and function of the skin. Cosmetics are used to
partially repair,maskor overcome such changes.
Various changes caused by aging are
1)Thiningof epidermis making older people more prone to injury and skin infection .
2)Reducing the sensitivity of the immune system causing further skin damage and
infection.
3)Change in color,lowermelanin level makes it more sensitive to sun exposure.
4)Dry and scaly skin due to less secretion of sebum and sweat.
5)Cold skin due to low blood supply.
6)Decrease in elasticity of the skin and occuranceof wrinckles.

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