Commonly use veterinary medicine in Nepal

Here are the list of commonly used veterinary medicines in nepal along with their mechanism of action, half life, toxicity, dose,etc.
Medicines includes ceftriaxone, atropine, diazepam, ketoclonazole,saline,penicillin,etc

1. COMMONLY USED MEDICINES IN VETERINARY PRACTICE URUSHA GHIMIRE GROUP D HICAST

2. DOSE CALCULATION DOSAGE= ANIMAL WEIGHT(KG) X ANIMAL DOSE(MG/KG) CONCRETATION (MG/ML)

3. 1.CEFTRIAXONE MOA Beta-lactam antibiotics that produce bactericidal action by interfering with the production of cell wall peptidoglycan causing rupture of cell wall Category ANTIBIOTICS Route of administration IM/ IV Dose Small animal @15-25mg/kg Large animal @ 5-10 mg/kg Half life  6-9 hours Toxicity Gastrointestinal issues, headaches, diarrhea, and elevation of liver enzymes. In dog, ceftriaxone can lead to precipitation of calcium salts Indication Metritis, mastitis, pyometra , endometritis , nephritis, Black quarter, hemorrhagic septicemia Contraindication Hypersensitive animal,caution in renal impairment Drug interaction It has interactions with calcium-containing products, which can lead to precipitation

4. 2.ENROFLOXACIN MOA Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase which inhibits both DNA and RNA synthesis Category ANTIBIOTICS Route of administration PO/SC/IM/IV Dose Dog:5-20 mg/kg Cattle, sheep: 2.5-5 mg/kg Goats, pig: 10 mg/kg Half life Dog: 4-6 hours Cattle:7-12 hours Toxicity Retinotoxic effects in cats, leading to blindness.Vomiting , diarrhea, and CNS effects, such as seizures, particularly with rapid IV administration. In young animals, it can lead to cartilage damage and lameness. Indication Alimentary, respiratory and urogenital infection, BQ, HS, CRD, fowl cholera, Brucellosis,Pasteurellosis, etc Contraindication Hypersensitive animal , pregnant and lactating animals Drug interaction Interaction with antacids containing calcium or magnesium can reduce its absorption and efficacy.

5. 3.GENTAMICIN MOA Aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis Category ANTIBIOTICS Route of administration IV/IM/SC Dose Catthe / shep /goats/pigs: 4mg/kg Dog :5-10mg/kg, Cat: 5-8mg/kg Half life 2-3 hours Toxicity nephrotoxic and ototoxic Indication Gram-negative organism infection, UTI, pneumonia,RTI , etc Contraindication hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides, pregnancy, renal disease Drug interaction Gentamicin may interact with nephrotoxic drugs ( like vancomycin) and diuretics (furosemide), increasing the risk of renal toxicity. 

6. 4.OXYTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE MOA   It works by reversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria, inhibiting protein synthesis Category ANTIBIOTICS Route of administration IV/IM/SC Dose Dog: 7.5mg/kg Half life 6-12 hours Toxicity GIT disturbances, photosensitivity and may affect bone growth in young animals  Indication Broad spectrum antibiotics, rickettsial,mycoplasma,etc Contraindication Teeth discolorization Drug interaction It can interact with antacids and other medications containing calcium, magnesium, or aluminum, which may reduce its absorption. Shows a ntagonistic effects with penicillin

7. 5.DOXYCYCLINE MOA that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain. Category ANTIBIOTICS Route of administration Mostly Orally Dose 5-10mg/kg for protozoal disease Ruminants: 20mg/kg Half life 18-22 hours Toxicity nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Indication Respiratory infections, Lyme disease, and tick-borne diseases. Contraindication Hypersensitive animal Drug interaction Antacids: Decrease absorption,Penicillins : May decrease effectiveness.Calcium and iron supplements: Decrease absorption

8. 6.Procaine Penicillin G & Benzathine penicillin G MOA inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. Category ANTIBIOTICS Route of administration IM Dose 6000 IU/kg For serious case: 12000-18000 IU/Kg Half life 15-25hours Toxicity anxiety, confusion, and seizures Indication Arthritis, mastitis, GI infection, RTI, UTI Contraindication Anaemia,Diarrhoea , Methaemoglobenemia Drug interaction May interact with other antibiotics, those that affect renal function; caution advised with concurrent use of antacids or medications that alter gastric pH.

9. 7.METRONIDAZOLE MOA Shows its effects by entering anaerobic bacteria and being reduced to active metabolites, which then interact with DNA, leading to inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis and bacterial cell death. Category ANTIBIOTICS/ ANTI-PROTOZOAL Route of administration Orally/ IV Dose Dog:15-25mg/kg, Cat:8-10mg/kg Half life 6-10 hours Toxicity ataxia , sedation, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Indication Giardiasis, Protozoan diarrhea, Parasites infestation Contraindication 1 st trimester of pregnancy,Hepatic impairments Drug interaction Metronidazole may interact with Anticoagulants and Increases the effect of anticoagulants like warfarin.Cimetidine may increase metronidazole levels.

10. 8.MELOXICAM MOA It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins by blocking cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, leading to reduced inflammation and pain. Category NSAIDs Route of administration Oral/IM/SC Dose Dog/Cat: 0.2mg/kg, Cattle:0.5mg/kg Sheep/goat: 1mg/kg Half life 20 hours Toxicity gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Indication Post operative pain, Used to relieve pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,  Contraindication renal impairment, active gastrointestinal bleeding Drug interaction Anticoagulants may Increase risk of bleeding. Reduce diuretic effect of diuretic drug

11. 9.TOLFENAMIC ACID MOA I nhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, leading to decreased synthesis of prostaglandins, which are mediators of inflammation and pain. Category NSAIDs Route of administration IV/IM Dose Dog/cats/cattle:4mg/kg Pig/Horse/Sheep: 2mg/kg Half life 2.5hours Toxicity gastrointestinal disturbances and renal issues Indication mastitis, musculoskeletal disorders, and post-surgical pain Contraindication Pregnancy, GI ulcers, or severe hepatic or renal impairment. Drug interaction It may interact with other NSAIDs, increasing the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity. Be careful with the drugs that affect renal function.

12. 10.GRISOFULVIN MOA Binds to tubulin, disrupting microtubule function, and interfering with the formation of the mitotic spindle Category ANTIFUNGAL Route of administration orally Dose Dog/cats: 10-30mg/kg Cattle: 5-10 mg/kg Half life 9-21 hrs Toxicity Hepatotoxic,cleft palate in cats,Hemolytic alteration,vomiting Indication Ring worm, fungal infection Contraindication Liver disease, pregnancy and kitten under 12 weeks Drug interaction Lipids enhance GI absorption; barbiturates decrease absorption and antifungal activity.

13. 11.KETOCONAZOLE MOA inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol , a key component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are essential for sterol synthesis. Category ANTIFUNGAL Route of administration PO/ topically Dose Dog/cat: 5mg/kg Half life 2-8 hours Toxicity Pruitis , alopecia and lightening of coat Indication blastomycosis , candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis , and histoplasmosis Contraindication Hepatoxic , embryotoxic and teratogenic Drug interaction CYP3A4 substrates may decrease their metabolism, leading to increased effects or toxicity

14. 12.FLOCONAZOLE MOA Inhibits the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase, a key component in the synthesis of ergosterol , which is essential for fungal cell membrane integrity. Category ANTIFUNGAL Route of administration PO or IV Dose Dog: 2.5-5 mg/kg PO Cat: 50mg/kg Half life 30 hours also upto 98 hours Toxicity Incoordination, decreased activity,hepatotoxicity Indication Systemic mycosis, candidiasis,UTI Contraindication Pregnancy, hepatic or renal impairments Drug interaction Warfarin increases risk of bleeding; Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus increase plasma levels;Benzodiazepines Increase sedation risk

15. 13.VINCRISTIN SULFATE Category ANTI-CANCER Route of administration IV ONLY Dose 0.025-0.05 mg/kg Half life 24 hours Toxicity Myelosuppression , gastrointestinal effects, and neurotoxicity. Extravasation can cause severe tissue damage. Indication Tumors,cancer Contraindication Pregnancy, kidney,liver and neuro disease Drug interaction myelosuppressive drugs may increase the risk of bone marrow toxicity. MOA B inds to tubulin, leading to disruption of the mitotic spindle and metaphase arrest. This inhibits cell division and induces apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.

16. 14.ONDANSETRON Category ANTI-EMETICS Route of administration IV/ IM Dose 0.1-0.5 mg/kg Half life 3-6hours Toxicity constipation, dizziness Indication vomiting Contraindication Pregnancy, cardiac issues, GIT and liver disease Drug interaction caution when used with drugs that affect serotonin levels or hepatic metabolism. MOA SHT3 receptor antagonist Serotonin antagonist

17. 15.PHENOBARBITONE Category ANTI-seizure/GA Route of administration Oral/ rectal/ parenteral Dose Dog: 1-2.5 mg/kg, cat: 1.5-3mg/kg Half life 53 hours Toxicity polydypsia,dizziness,whinning Indication epileptic seizures Contraindication Pregnancy, hypoglycemia, liver disease Drug interaction it may decrease the effectiveness of drugs like diazepam and diclofenac MOA It acts as a GABA-A receptor agonist, enhancing synaptic inhibition, increasing seizure threshold, and reducing seizure activity spread. It also inhibit Ca channels, which decreases excitatory neurotransmitter release

18. 16. CHLOROPHENIRAMINE MALEATE MOA blocks H1 receptor, suppress inflammation rEACTION Category Route of administration IM, IV ,SC Dose 0.5-1mg/kg in dog Half life 4-6 hrs Toxicity sedation, dry mouth, urinary retention, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Indication Allergic reaction , pruritis,rhinitis, urticaria Contraindication Ileus,Glaucoma,Cardiac arrhythmias Drug interaction It may interact with CNS depressants, increasing sedation effects

19. 17.RANITIDINE Category Route of administration PO/IV/IM Dose 0.5mg/kg Half life 2-3 hours Toxicity Hypersensitivity reactions, including urticaria, angioedema, fever, bronchospasm, hypotension, and anaphylaxis Indication gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in dogs and cats. Contraindication pregnant or lactating animals. Drug interaction Ranitidine may interact with warfarin, phenytoin, propranolol, nifedipine, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, tricyclic antidepressants, lidocaine, theophylline, and metronidazole, by increasing their metabolism. MOA It is a reversible inhibitor of the action of histamine at the histamine H2-receptors, including receptors on the gastric cells.

20. 18.DEXAMETHASONE MOA It is a glucocorticoid that inhibits phospholipase A2, reducing the production of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins. Category Corticosteroid Route of administration SC, IM, IV, PO Dose 0.5-1 mg/kg Half life 3-7 hours Toxicity gastrointestinal ulcers, immunosuppression, and metabolic disturbances,Cushing's syndrome and osteoporosis. Indication inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, allergies, certain cancers, shock Contraindication diabetes,ulcer or gastrointestinal diseases Drug interaction It may interact with NSAIDs, increasing the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers.

21. 19.ATROPINE MOA Competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at all muscarnic receptor site Category Anaesthesia Route of administration IV/IM/SC Dose 0.02-0.1mg/kg in dog and cat Half life 2 hours Toxicity tachycardia, dry mouth, dilated pupils, and CNS disturbances such as confusion and hallucinations,respiratory failure and death. Indication bradycardia, to reduce salivation and secretions, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides poisoining, mydriasis. Contraindication glaucoma, tachycardia or obstructive gastrointestinal disease. Drug interaction Caution is advised when used with other medications that affect heart rate.

22. 20.XYLAZINE HCL MOA It acts as an agonist at alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation by decreasing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in the CNS Category GA/ Anaesthesia Route of administration IM/IV Dose 0.5-1mg/kg Half life 2-6 minutes Toxicity hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and sedation. Severe cases may lead to coma or death, particularly with repeated doses or in sensitive animals. Indication Used as a sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant in veterinary medicine for procedures requiring restraint, surgery, and pain management i Contraindication cardiovascular or respiratory disease, or those that are pregnant or lactating Drug interaction Caution is advised when used with opioids or other CNS depressants.

23. 21.KETAMINE MOA Ketamine acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, leading to dissociative anesthesia characterized by sedation, immobility, amnesia, and analgesia. Category GA/ Anaesthesia Route of administration IV/IM Dose dog: 5-10mg/kg Half life 2-3 hours Toxicity respiratory depression, cardiovascular effects, and prolonged recovery, hallucinations, agitation, and increased blood pressure. Indication Anesthesia, analgesia, and treatment of pain. Contraindication cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, increased intracranial pressure Drug interaction Caution is advised when used with other drugs that may affect cardiovascular or respiratory function.

24. 22.DIAZEPAM MOA It enhances the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA at the GABA-A receptor, leading to increased inhibitory effects in the central nervous system Category Sedative Route of administration IV/IM Dose Dog:0.2-0.5 mg/kg (pre-anesthetic),2-10mg/kg (muscle relaxant) Half life 20-56 hours Toxicity CNS depression, ataxia, hypotension, and respiratory depression,coma or death Indication anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures, and as a pre-anesthetic agent. Contraindication respiratory disease, or those with a history of drug abuse. Drug interaction Caution is advised when used concurrently with opioids, alcohol, or other medications that affect the CNS.

25. 2 3. Tranexamic acid Category Hemostatics Route of administration IV Dose Dog:10 mg/kg, cat: 10mg/kg Half life 2-3 hours Toxicity visual disturbances, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea,thromboembolic events. Indication prevention of excessive bleeding Contraindication hromboembolic disorders, active bleeding from the urinary tract Drug interaction Tranexamic acid may interact with prothrombin complex concentrates and factor IX, increasing the risk of thrombosis MOA Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic that inhibits fibrinolysis by reversibly binding to plasminogen, preventing its conversion to plasmin, thereby reducing bleeding.

26. 24. IVERMECTIN MOA Ivermectin works by binding to glutamate-gated chloride channels and GABA-A receptors in the nervous system of parasites, leading to paralysis and death of the parasites. Trade name Endo-ectoparasiticide Route of administration PO/SC Dose 0.2-0.4mg/kg Half life 19 hours Toxicity Neurotoxicity Indication Heartworm,parasite infestation Contraindication sensitive breeds (e.g., Collies), puppies less than 6 weeks Drug interaction Ivermectin can interact with antibiotics and antifungals, potentially increasing the risk of toxicity.

27. Fluid Type Dose (Dogs) Dose (Cats) Indication Toxicity/Complications Isotonic Crystalloids 10-20 mL/kg bolus; 70-90 mL/kg/hr maintenance 5-15 mL/kg bolus; 30-50 mL/kg/hr maintenance Dehydration, shock, electrolyte imbalances Rare; potential for fluid overload Lactated Ringer's Solution (LRS) Same as isotonic crystalloids Same as isotonic crystalloids Rehydration, acid-base balance Rare; can cause electrolyte imbalances Normosol-R Same as isotonic crystalloids Same as isotonic crystalloids Similar to LRS, used for rehydration and maintenance Rare; monitor for fluid overload Hypertonic Saline 5-10 mL/kg bolus 3-5 mL/kg bolus Rapid resuscitation in shock Risk of hypernatremia, fluid overload Colloids (e.g., Dextran, Hydroxyethyl Starch) 5-10 mL/kg bolus 3-5 mL/kg bolus Hypoproteinemia, shock, volume expansion Coagulopathy, renal toxicity 25.FLUID THERAPY IN ANIMALS

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