Communication chapter for UGC NET EXAM.pdf

Study communication - UGC NET ppt

1. UGC NTA NET
(PAPER 1)

UNIT 4-
COMMUNICATION

2. ⚫What is Communication?
The communication word comes from the Latin word “communicate” or
“communis” which means to make common.
Communication means to make familiar facts, thoughts, information, and
requirements. So, Communication is the interchange of ideas, information,
message, that can be through the way of speech, writing, or signal.
⚫Definition of Communication
Communication is the sum of all things, and one person does when he wants to
create understanding in the minds of another. It involves a systematic and
continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding.
– Allen Louis
Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, or emotions by two or
more persons.
– George Terry
Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between
individuals and organizations so that an understanding response results.
– By Peter Little

3. Characteristics of Communication

•Two or More Persons: Minimum of at least two persons require,
i.e., the sender of the message and the receiver.
•Exchange of Ideas: There must be an exchange of ideas,
information, feelings, etc., among two or more than two persons.
•Mutual Understanding: The receiver should receive the information
in the same manner with which it is being given.
•Continuous Process: Communication is a continuous process. It
never stops.
•Use of Words as well as Symbols: There can be many means of
communication, like the oral, the written and symbolic.

4. ⚫Communication is the exchange of ideas and meanings between two persons or
groups.


⚫Signs, expressions, utterances, gestures, sounds, noises are the silent form
of languages used by the human beings.
⚫Human beings are capable of making these languages and are using them to
convey meanings, and each culture is has certain accepted modes of expressions ,
signs , gestures, clothing styles, marks etc
Eg:- some gestures/words in south kerala is not appropriate in north kerala.
•Animals communicate through Non verbal means. They express their feelings,
pain, pleasure, joy, sorrow, anger, pity and other emotions through non verbal
means.
•Communication is essential for human existence as it shapes human behavior.

5. The process of Communication

6. •Components of Communication Model
•Sender: The sender is the person who sends the message. The
message may be a thought, idea, symbol, a picture report, or order
and postures and gestures, even a momentary smile. The sender is
the creator of the message.
•Message: It is the information the sender needs to convey to the
receiver. The data transmitted by words as in speech and write-ups,
pictures, signs, or symbols are depending upon the situation.
•Encoding: Encoding is transforming the message into an appropriate
medium which may be verbal or non-verbal depending upon the
situation, space, time, and nature of the message to be sent to the
intended receiver. The sender encodes the message into a series of
words, symbols, or pictures.

7. •Media: Media refers to the channel or medium through which the
message is transmitted. The message may be written or oral, and it may
be sent via a mediator, computer, telephone, cell phone, apps or
televisions, etc
•Receiver: The receiver is the person or group of person who is receiving
the message. He is at the other end of the process. He may be a listener,
viewer, or reader. He needs to decode the message sent in the best
possible manner such that the real intent of the communication is
attained.
•Decoding: Decoding refers to interpreting or comprehending the sent
message. The receiver interprets the message and tries to understand it
in the best possible manner.
•Feedback: It is the reply given by the receiver after reading the message.
It is necessary to ensure that the message has been correctly decoded
and comprehended the way it was sent.

8. Evaluation Of Communication
Effectiveness

Communication has to be effective to be able to attain goals or objectives.
Communication effectiveness can be examined in relation to the following criteria:
•Trustfulness of Communication: the distortion-free quality (without any loose of
main content) of a message is called fidelity/ trustfulness. An effective person gets
the message with minimal possibilities of misunderstanding.
•Economy: Ineffective communication a minimum of energy time, symbols, and
cues are used to encode messages without losing their fidelity and impact.
•Congruence: An effective communication integrates both verbal and non-verbal
cues. (compatibility )
•Influence: The most important criterion of effectiveness is the influence that the
communicator is able to exercise over the receiver of the communication.
Influence means the communicator achieves the results he intended.
•Relationship Building: effective communication contributes to the building of
trust and a better relationship between the source and the target.

9. Types of communication
⚫Intrapersonal Communication: It is talking to oneself in one’s own mind.
⚫Interpersonal Communication: It is the exchange of messages between two
persons.
For example,
1. A conversation, dialogue, or an interview in which two persons interact (others may
also be present as the audience).
2. An author communicates interpersonally with his reader, who is always present as a
silent audience in the author’s mind while he writes.
3. A letter too is an example of interpersonal communication between the writer and
the person to whom it is written.
⚫ Group Communication: It can be among small or large groups, like an
organization, club or classroom, in which all individuals retain their individual
identity.
⚫Mass Communication: It occurs when the message is sent to large groups of people,
for example, by newspaper, radio, or television. In this process, each person becomes
a faceless individual with almost no opportunity for personal response or feedback

10. Based On the basis of the medium employed
⚫Verbal Communication: It means communicating with words, written or spoken.
Verbal communication consists of speaking, listening, writing, reading, and
thinking. It may further be classified as Oral or Written Communication.
⚫Non-verbal communication: It includes using of pictures, signs, gestures, and
facial expressions for exchanging information between persons. It is done through
sign language, action language, or object language. Non-verbal communication
flows through all acts of speaking or writing. It is a wordless message conveyed
through gestures (sign), movements (action language), and object language
(pictures/clothes) and so on.
⚫Meta Communication: Here the speaker’s choice of words unintentionally
communicates something more than what the actual words state. For example, aFor
example, if you say “Glad to see you” to someone and roll your eyes at the same time,
they will not feel that you are actually glad to see them.

11. ⚫Formal Communication: A formal channel of communication can be
defined as a means of communication that is formally controlled by
managers or people occupying positions in an organization. The
communication flows through formal channels, that is, officially
recognized positions along the line in the organization. This ensures that
the information flows orderly, timely, and accurately. Any information,
decision, memo, reminder etc. will follow this path.
⚫Informal Communication: Side by side with the formal channel of
communication every organization has an equally effective channel of
communication that is the informal channel. It is not officially sanctioned,
and quite often it is even discouraged or looked down upon.
⚫Downward Communication : The Communication that flows from Top to
Bottom is known as downward communication. Any organization has an
inbuilt hierarchical system, and in that, in the first instance,
communication invariably flows downwards.

12. ⚫ Upward Communication: The Communication that flows from bottom to top, which
is from lower hierarchical level to higher level, is called Upward Communication. The
main function of upward communication is to supply information to the upper levels
about what is happening at the lower levels
⚫Lateral Communication: When communication takes place between two or more
persons who are subordinates working under the same person or those who are
working on the same level, it is called lateral or horizontal communication. A good
example of this kind of communication is that between functional managers. It is
necessary for the reviewing of the activities assigned to various subordinates having
identical positions
⚫Diagonal Communication: Diagonal or Crosswise communication includes the flow
of information among persons at different levels who have no direct reporting
relationships. As an example, the Communication between the Training Supervisor and
Marketing Manager, regarding the Training of a few employees of the Marketing
Department, is Diagonal Communication. This kind of communication is used to
speed up information flow, to improve understanding, and to coordinate efforts for the
achievement of organizational objectives.

13. Barriers to Communication
The obstacles in the way of reaching the message to the receiver is
called as the communication barriers.

⚫1. Semantic Barrier
⚫2. Language Barrier
⚫3. Organizational Barrier
⚫4. Interpersonal Barrier
⚫5. Individual Barrier
⚫6. Physical Barrier
⚫7. Psychological Barriers
⚫8. Technological barrier

14. 1. Semantic Barrier
⚫ It is based on the same worlds having different meanings to different
peoples. The difficulty arises when different people assume the different
meaning of specific information or word, it is called semantic Barrier.
The semantic barrier is caused due to the following reasons:
⚫Similar words with a different meaning
⚫ Wrong Assumption
⚫ Technical Language
⚫ Different Cultures
2.Language Barrier
⚫ Different language, vocabulary, accents represent the language
communication barrier. The use of difficult or inappropriate words,
technical jargons and poorly explained or misunderstood messages can
result in confusion during the communication process.

15. 3. Organizational Barrier
⚫ The level of management or management policies is the reason the
Organizational Barrier. This type of barrier arises due to the gap between staff
members and management in terms of communication policies, authority
layers, filtering of information etc.
The Organizational Barrier includes the following:
Fear – fear of being misinterpreted
⚫ Organizational Rules & Regulations
⚫ Cooperation between Superior and Subordinate
⚫ Organization Culture
⚫ Status and Layers
4. Interpersonal Barrier
⚫The chances of miscommunication happened when there are differences in
education, society, and economic status in sender and receiver.
⚫These barriers develop due to the values held in relationships and attitude of
the participants in the process of communication.

16. 5. Individual Barrier
⚫ It is also known as psycho-sociological barriers. These barriers include differences
in personality, stereotyping, inattention and differences in individual competencies
to think and act, which can also include physical disorders or handicaps.
⚫ Due to the diverse personality of the sender and receiver in the communication
process, the wrong message is interpreted.
6. Physical Barrier
⚫ It is the most occurred barrier in communication due to natural and environmental
conditions. The physical barrier includes circumstances like noise, hearing problem,
speech difficulties, closed doors, defective equipment etc.
⚫ The distance or geographical distance may be the reason for Physical Barrier. It is
always easy to convey the message to a person over a short distance. As more
communication channel and technology is required to deliver the message at large
distance.

17. 7. Psychological Barriers
⚫The communication is influenced due to the psychological state of
the communicators. Psychological Barriers include emotions, poor
retention, lack of attention, different opinion, perceptions etc.
8. Technological Barrier
⚫The disturbance during communication occur due to the technical
error or it is known as Technical Barrier. The network issue, coding
error or defect in electronic equipment are the major reason of the
technological barrier. For example, one cannot be able to
communicate over phone if there is any defect in phone or if the
proper network is not available.

18. Mass Media/Communication:
Mass communication and mass media are generally considered synonymous
⚫1. The audience is large and heterogeneous: Radio and television is assumed to
have larger audience in comparison to newspaper.
⚫2. The source is an institution or a group of people:
For example, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, is
engaged in broadcasting television and radio programmes all over the country.

It is a special kind of communication with mass audiences and hence, the name mass
communication. (Channels for mass communication are termed as Mass Media.
It uses mechanical devices that multiply messages and convey information to a large
number of people simultaneously.
Examples:- of mass media include radio, TV, newspapers, magazines and
films (both electronic and print media).

19. Mass media makes impact in the following forms:

⚫1. Creating public opinion.
⚫2. Setting up of political agenda: The term political agenda is
broader in scope than the term public opinion.
⚫3. Mass media sets link between the government and people.
⚫4. Mass media works as government watchdog.
⚫5. Mass media has become an agency of socialization as well.

20. Mass-Media and Society.
⚫Mass communication is the term used to describe the academic study of various
means by which individuals and entities relay information to large segments of
the population all at once through mass media.
⚫Both mass communication and mass media are generally considered
synonymous for the sake of convenience. The media through which messages
are being transmitted include radio, TV, newspapers, magazines, films, records,
tape recorders, video cassette recorders, internet, etc. and require large
organizations and electronic devices to put across the message.
⚫It is observed that the term mass communication must have at least five aspects:
Large audience Fairly undifferentiated audience composition Some form of
message reproduction Rapid distribution and delivery Low cost to the
consumers

21. Types of mass media
⚫Traditional Media- The traditional arts and folk arts combine several art forms
like dance, music, songs and theatre to attract audiences. The performances are
spontaneous and most often made on the spot.
⚫Print Media- Print media served as the major means of communication reaching
a wide audience. Major forms of print media are : Newspapers Magazines and
periodicals Books
⚫Electronic Media- The history of electronic media starts with the invention of
cinematography by Lumiere Brothers who conducted the premiere show of
cinema in 1895. Later the radio was invented by Guglielmo Marconi. The first
radio station was set up in Pittsburg, New York and Chicago in the 1920s. In short,
the term electronic media mainly include Film, Radio & Television.
⚫New Media/Social Media & Others- Internet and the World Wide Web opened
up several new avenues for mass communication which include e-mail, websites,
podcasts, e-books, blogging, social networking sites, Internet Protocol Television,
Internet radio and the like. These kinds of online and digital means of producing,
transmitting and receiving messages are called new media.
⚫Media is referred as the fourth estate of democracy

22. Test Based on
Important MCQs

20 questions (1 mark each)

23. 1.Communication is considered as meaningful only if some
elements are present in the procedure. Which of the following
element/s will be appropriate in communication?

a)Process
b)interaction
c)Social context
d)All of the above

24. MCQ
1. Communication is considered as meaningful only if some elements are present in
the procedure. Which of the following element/s will be appropriate in
communication?
a)Process
b)interaction
c)Social context
d)All of the above
Answer :Option D
⚫Process is used to exchange information properly between sender and a receiver to
achieve the desired result.
⚫Interaction is a process of linking senders and receiver. The concept of interaction is
central for understanding the concept of process in the communication.
⚫Social context consists of set of rules which govern the origin, flow and effect of
messages.

25. 2. A smart classroom is a teaching space which has

i. Smart portion with a touch panel control system.
ii. PC/Laptop connection and DVD/VCR player.
iii. Document camera and specialized software.
iv. Projector and screen

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
a)i and ii only
b)ii and iv only
c)i , ii, and iii only
d) i , ii, iii and iv

26. 2. A smart classroom is a teaching space which has

i. Smart portion with a touch panel control system.
ii. PC/Laptop connection and DVD/VCR player.
iii. Document camera and specialized software.
iv. Projector and screen

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
a)i and ii only
b)ii and iv only
c)i , ii, and iii only
d) i , ii, iii and iv
Answer :Option D
⚫A smart classroom is a teaching space which has smart portion with a touch
panel control laptop, it also has laptop connection and DVD player with
camera and specialized software. A smart classroom is installed with
projector and screen too.

27. 3. The rhetorical approach in classroom communication considers
teachers as______ agents of students.
a)Non- official
b)Official
c)Influencing
d)Academic

28. 3. The rhetorical approach in classroom communication considers
teachers as______ agents of students.
a)Non- official
b)Official
c)Influencing
d)Academic
Answer :Option C
⚫The rhetorical approach in classroom communication considers
teachers as influencing agents of students. It is the teacher who
regulates his/her class upon the basis of his knowledge and that
knowledge can only be delivered through the interaction between
the teacher and students.

29. 4. What of the following statements correctly defines the term
gesticulation?
a)Use of gestures while speaking
b)Use of gestures while listening
c)Use of gestures while conversing
d)All of the above

30. 4. What of the following statements correctly defines the term
gesticulation?
a)Use of gestures while speaking
b)Use of gestures while listening
c)Use of gestures while conversing
d)All of the above
Answer :Option A
⚫Gesticulation is to make movements with your hands or arms,
especially when you are expressing (with the help of gestures)
something while speaking. So, the correct option is A.

31. 5. Which of the following is the cause of semantic barrier in
communication?
a)Body language
b)Homophones
c)Gestures
d)All of the above

32. 5. Which of the following is the cause of semantic barrier in
communication?
a)Body language
b)Homophones
c)Gestures
d)All of the above
Answer :Option B
 Homophones are the words with same pronunciation but different
meaning which might have different spelling too. For example:
Words buy, by and bye. They have same pronunciation, but
different meanings and spellings.

33. 6. Communicative abilities embrace which of the following skills?
a)Linguistic skill
b)Cultural skills
c)Semantic skill
d)Both a and b

34. 6. Communicative abilities embrace which of the following skills?
a)Linguistic skill
b)Cultural skills
c)Semantic skill
d)Both a and b
Answer :Option A
⚫ Communicative abilities include those skills which are defined with
reference to the manner and mode in which the system is realized in use.
Communicative abilities embrace linguistic skills but not the reverse.
Essentially, they are ways of creating or recreating discourse in different
modes.

35. 7. Which of the following can be considered to be semantic barriers for
effective communication?
a) Slangs b) Language c) Confusion d) Distrust
e) Jargon f) Memory g) Inattention
a)A,b,c,d
b)B,c,d,f,g
c)A,b,e
d)All of them

36. 7. Which of the following can be considered to be semantic barriers for
effective communication?
a) Slangs b) Language c) Confusion d) Distrust
e) Jargon f) Memory g) Inattention
a)A,b,c,d
b)B,c,d,f,g
c)A,b,e
d)All of them
Answer :Option C
⚫Semantic barriers to communication are often caused by use of different
language. In the above given options, language and use of jargon and slangs
can be considered to be semantic barriers. Other options are physiological
and emotional barriers. So, the correct option is C.

37. 8. Assertion (A): Classroom communication behaviors does not imply
making the contents relevant.
Reason (R): It is the function of teachers to make students organize
information for effective interaction.
a)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
b)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
c)A is true, R is false
d)A is false, R is true

38. 8. Assertion (A): Classroom communication behaviors does not imply making
the contents relevant.
Reason (R): It is the function of teachers to make students organize
information for effective interaction.
a)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
b)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
c)A is true, R is false
d)A is false, R is true
Answer :Option D
⚫Assertion is false because classroom communication behaviours imply making
the contents relevant because of interaction between the student and
teacher.
⚫Reason is true, it is the function of teachers to present the information that is
helpful for students in an organized manner.

So, Assertion is false and Reason is true.
So, option D is the correct answer.

39. 9. Aspects of the voice, other than the speech are known as:
a)Physical language
b)Personal language
c)Para language
d)Delivery language

40. 9. Aspects of the voice, other than the speech are known as:
a)Physical language
b)Personal language
c)Para language
d)Delivery language
Answer :Option C
⚫Aspects of the voice, other than the speech are known
as Paralanguage. Paralanguages a component of communication
in which the user may change meaning, or convey emotion, such
as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation etc; In this, the voice must
have some properties like change in pitch, speaking behaviors or
change in gestures.

41. 10.In circular communication, the encoder becomes a decoder
when there is?
a)Noise
b)Audience
c)Criticality
d)Feedback

42. 10.In circular communication, the encoder becomes a decoder
when there is?
a)Noiseb)Audiencec)Criticalityd)Feedback
Answer :Option D
⚫From given diagram it is clear that in circular communication
encoder become decoder when there is feedback.

43. 11. Differentiation between acceptance and non-acceptance of
certain stimuli in classroom communication is the basis of?
a)Selective expectation of performance
b)Selective affiliation to peer group
c)Selective attention
d)Selective morality

44. 11. Differentiation between acceptance and non-acceptance of
certain stimuli in classroom communication is the basis of?
a)Selective expectation of performance
b)Selective affiliation to peer group
c)Selective attention
d)Selective morality
Answer :Option C
⚫Differentiation between acceptance and non-acceptance of certain
stimuli in classroom communication is the basis of selective
attention. Selective attention is the process of focusing on a specific
object in the environment for some period of time.

45. 12. In a classroom, a communicator’s trust level is determined by:
a)The use of hyperbole
b)The change of voice level
c)The use of abstract concept
d)Eye contact

46. 12. In a classroom, a communicator’s trust level is determined by:
a)The use of hyperbole
b)The change of voice level
c)The use of abstract concept
d)Eye contact
Answer :Option D
⚫In a classroom, a communicator’s trust level is determined by the
eye contact. It brings out the confidence in the person to ask or
present his/her opinions in a much better way.

47. 13. Most often, the teacher – student communication is?
a)Spurious
b)Critical
c)Utilitarian
d)Confrontational

48. 13. Most often, the teacher – student communication is?
a)Spurious
b)Critical
c)Utilitarian
d)Confrontational
Answer :Option C
⚫The teacher – student communication is Utilitarian. Utilitarian is the
practice which states that best action is the one that maximizes utility,
which produces the well being for the greater number of people.

49. 14. Positive classroom communication leads to?

a)Coercion
b)Submission
c)Confrontation
d)Persuasion

50. 14. Positive classroom communication leads to?
a)Coercion
b)Submission
c)Confrontation
d)Persuasion
Answer :Option D
• Coercion refers to the action or practice of persuading someone to do
something by using force or threats.
• Submission is a state of mind in which people cannot no longer do
what they want to do because they have been influenced by someone
else.
• Confrontation is a situation in which people or groups with opposing
ideas or opinions disagree angrily:
• Persuasion is the act to influence someone to do something or to
change their mind.
Therefore, positive classroom communication leads to persuasion.

51. 15. The mode of communication that involves a single source transmitting
information to a large number of receivers simultaneously, is called?
a)Group communication
b)Mass communication
c)Interpersonal communication
d)Intrapersonal communication

52. 15. The mode of communication that involves a single source transmitting
information to a large number of receivers simultaneously, is called?
a)Group communication
b)Mass communication
c)Interpersonal communication
d)Intrapersonal communication
⚫Answer :Option B
⚫Mass communication is the communication mode in which a single
source is transmitting information to the large number of students.
E.g. Teacher is the transmitter and students are the receivers.

53. 16. Imagine you are working in an educational institution where people are of
equal status. Which method of communication is best suited and normally
employed in such a context?
a)Horizontal communication
b)Vertical communication
c)Corporate communication
d)Cross communication

54. 16. Imagine you are working in an educational institution where people are of
equal status. Which method of communication is best suited and normally
employed in such a context?
a)Horizontal communication
b)Vertical communication
c)Corporate communication
d)Cross communication
⚫Answer :Option A
⚫Horizontal communication means communication among people at
same level. It is best suited in an educational institution where people
are of equal status.

55. 17. Digital Empowerment means
i. Universal digit literacy
ii. Universal access to all digital resources.
iii. Collaborative digital platform for participative governance.
iv. Probability of all entitlements for individuals through cloud.
Choose the correct answer form the codes given below:
a)I and ii only
b)ii and iii only
c)i , ii and iii only
d)i , ii and iii and iv

56. 17. Digital Empowerment means
i. Universal digit literacy
ii. Universal access to all digital resources.
iii. Collaborative digital platform for participative governance.
iv. Probability of all entitlements for individuals through cloud.
Choose the correct answer form the codes given below:
a)I and ii only
b)ii and iii only
c)i , ii and iii only
d)i , ii and iii and iv
⚫Answer :Option D
⚫Digital empowerment includes digital literacy, universal access to all
digital resources. It also gives digital platform for participative
governance and provides probability of all entitlements for individuals
through cloud.

57. ⚫19. Which of the following are not the demerits of written
communication?

i) Preciseii) Permanentiii) Time consumingiv) Quick
clarification not possible
v) Helps to fix responsibility

Select the correct code from given below:
a)ii and iv only
b)i, ii, v only
c)ii and iii only
d)ii, iii, iv and v

58. ⚫19. Which of the following are not the demerits of written
communication?

i) Preciseii) Permanentiii) Time consumingiv) Quick clarification not
possible
v) Helps to fix responsibility

Select the correct code from given below:
a)ii and iv only
b)i, ii, v only
c)ii and iii only
d)ii, iii, iv and v
Answer :Option B
Written communication: In this type of communication, the message is
sent/obtained through printed or handwritten texts.

59. ⚫20. Assertion (A): The concept of development communication has
failed to take-off India.
Reasoning (R): Lack of professional approach and the people’s
passion for entertainment, not development are responsible for the
solution.
Choose the correct answer from the following?
a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
c)A is true, R is false
d)A is false, R is true

60. ⚫20. Assertion (A): The concept of development communication has
failed to take-off India.
Reasoning (R): Lack of professional approach and the people’s passion
for entertainment, not development are responsible for the solution.
Choose the correct answer from the following?
a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
c)A is true, R is false
d)A is false, R is true
⚫Answer :Option A
•Development communication refers to the use of communication to
facilitate social development. It is true that the concept of development
communication has failed to take-off India.
•This is because India lacks a professional approach and people in India is
more passionate for entertainment rather than development.

61. Communication networks
⚫Communication network shows all communication patterns or
relationships that may exist in the organization. The various types of
communication networks are represented diagrammatically
⚫Chain network: It follows a formal chain of command, as is the case with a
typical bureaucratic organization. Here, members communicate with
each other in a pre-planned sequence.

63. ⚫Wheel network: It is also known as ‘STAR’ network. Here, information
flows from one central member of the group to the rest of the members.
Other group members may not have to communicate with each other to
perform well and all communication is channelized through the
supervisor. For examples, one-to-one interactions of Heads of
Departments (HoDs) with the college Principal, but little or no
interaction of HoDs among themselves. It is not very effective in teams. 3.

64. ⚫Circle network: Here, members communicate informally with adjoining
members generally on the basis of shared experiences, beliefs, areas of
expertise, background, or office location. It may have a formal leader as
well, but interaction is still lateral. It works in an autonomous team.
⚫ All-channel network: An all-channel network is found in teams. Both the
intensity and frequency of interaction is high among members.
Information flows in all directions. There is no formal leader and
communication may be started by any member.

65. kinesics
⚫Kinesics is a major form of non-verbal communication.
⚫ It is defined as ‘the study of non-linguistic body movements, such as
facial expressions and gestures’
⚫According to Mehrabian, ‘Words account for 7%, Tone of voice accounts
for 38%, and our Body Language accounts for 55% of communication’.
This has become the 7/38/55 rule. They are abbreviated as the 3 V’s, i.e.,
Verbal, Vocal and Visual.
⚫Research has show that attention is sought by the people in the following
proportion: Seeing – 87 % Hearing – 7 % Smell – 3.5 % Touch - 1.5 % Taste
– 1.0 %

66. Mnemonics
⚫This is somewhat in different context, mainly about learning and recalling
of words, numbers, facts, etc.
⚫Mnemonics are memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of
information, especially in the form of lists, like characteristics, steps,
stages, parts, phases, etc.
⚫Mnemonics can even be used to recall words or remember numbers. For
example, BRASS is an acronym for how to shoot a rifle—Breath, Relax,
Aim, Sight, Squeeze. They help in taking notes also.

67. Main theories
⚫Hypodermic or Bullet Theory:
This theory reflects the fear or awe of mass media being used for massive
propaganda. It happened during World War II when mass media was
thought to have direct and powerful influence upon audiences. The
audiences may be manipulated by media at will.

68. ⚫Psychological or Individual Difference Theory: Here, the different
personality variables result in different reactions to the same stimuli. Here
selective exposure and selective perceptions are important.
⚫Selective Exposure: Selective exposure occurs when people tend to expose
themselves selectively only to communications which are in general
accordance with their established convictions and avoid communications
which seem to challenge their beliefs.
⚫Selective Perception: Once the individuals have selectively exposed
themselves to the messages in accordance with their preferences, they
tend to “read into” the message whatever suits their needs. This process is
called selective perception.

69. ⚫Cultivation Theory: This theory, developed by George Gerbner (1967), is
based on the assumption that mass media have subtle effects on
audiences who, unknowingly, absorb the dominant symbols, images, and
messages of media. This is called as ‘cultivation of dominant image
pattern’. Powerful effects of mass media act as moulds the society.
⚫ Agenda Setting Theory: it’s about voting during elections. Media are more
successful in telling people “what is to think about” than in telling them
“what to think”.

70. ⚫The term ‘grapevine’ is also known as :

(1) Downward communication
(2) informal communication
(3) Upward communication
(4) Horizontal communication

71. ⚫When academicians are called to deliver lecture or presentation to an
audience on certain topics or a set of topics of educational nature, it is
called

(A)Training Program
(B)B) Seminar
(C)(C) Workshop
(D)(D) Symposium

72. ⚫The study of gestures and body postures for their impact on communication is
known as:
⚫ (A) Kinesics
⚫(B) Proximics
⚫(C) Semantics
⚫(D) Informal channels

⚫Proximics : the branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that
people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others.
⚫Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire
texts or to single words.

73. ⚫The transmission of culture from one generation to another is called

⚫a. Acculturation
⚫c. interculturation
⚫b. Enculturation
⚫d. none of the above

⚫Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a
new cultural environment as a result of being placed into a new culture, or when
another culture is brought to someone
⚫ interculturation means that 'diverse cultures with plural religious per- spectives
interact with each other for the betterment of humankind locally and glob- ally'

74. What are the barriers to effective communication ?
1) Moralising, being judgemental and comments of consolation.
(2) Dialogue, summary and self-review.
(3) Use of simple words, cool reaction and defensive attitude.
(4) Personal statements, eye contact and simple narration.

75. option 1 : moralising judging

77. option 1

79. option 3

80. Thank You