Communication, Communication Cycle, Types of Communication, Types of data flows, Frequency bands

Introduction to Communication

Communication Cycle
Definition in communication

Types of Communication
Types of data flows
Frequency bands

1. Introductionto Communication
CommunicationCycle
Definition in communication
TypesofCommunication
Types of data flows
Frequency bands

2. Definition
The word “communication” has been derived
from LATINword “Communicare”.
“Communicare” means toshare.
The sharing of information ,knowledge
,understanding ,andthoughts to other is called
communication.

3. There are two parties required forCommunication.
Firstpartycallsas“Sender”andsecondcallsas“Receiver”.
Absenceofthesetwopartiescommunicationcannottakeplace.
Itistermedeffectiveonlywhenthereceiverreceivethemessage
intendedbythesenderinthesameperspective.
otherwise, it ismiscommunication.

4. CommunicationCycle

5. Sender first encode the message and sendit.
Message goes through in well definedchannel.
Messagereachestothereceiver,theydecodesthemessage
and give pay attention on its ,if receiver understand the
message,thentheygivethefeedbacktothesender.
Feedbackisnothingbutitisreplythesuitableanswerto
thesender.
Foreverymomentitisnotnecessarythatreceiverwill
understand themessage.
Thisishappenedduetopresenceofsomenoiseandfault
inchannel.

6. EffectiveCommunication
Essential for effectivecommunication
A common communicationEnvironment
Co-operation between the senderand the receiver
Selection of an appropriatechannel
Correct encoding and decoding of themessage
Receipt of the desired response andfeedback

7. Noise
Ifresponseanddesiredanswerdonotgetbacktothesenderfromthe
receiver,thencommunicationhasnotbeendone.
This is because of presence ofnoise.
“Noise” is defined as any unplanned interference in the communication
environment,whichcauseshindranceinthetransmissionofthemessage.
Noisedistortsinterpretationordecodingpartofthecommunicationprocess.

8. There are two types of“Noise”.
oChannelNoise
oSemanticNoise
ChannelNoise
Channelnoiseisanyinterferenceinthemechanismofthe
medium used to send amessage.
Channel noise is developedexternally.
Example:-Noiseintelephonelines,toohighvolumefrom
loudspeakeretc.

9. SemanticNoise
This type of error produced in the messageitself.
It is developed internally.
Itisgeneratedduetofaultygrammar,misspellings
and incorrect punctuation.
Example:-Senderinterpret“Condescend”inpositive
mannerbutreceiverinterpretinnegative
manner.

10. Type ofCommunication
GeneralCommunication
TechnicalCommunication
ExtrapersonalCommunication
IntrapersonalCommunication
InterpersonalCommunication
MassCommunication

11. GeneralCommunication
It contains a generalmessage.
Informal in style andapproach.
No set pattern ofcommunication.
Mostlyoral
Notalwaysforaspecificaudience.
Doesn’tinvolvetheuseoftechnicalvocabularyorgraphics,etc.

12. TechnicalCommunication
It contains a technicalmessage.
Mostlyformal
Follows a setpattern
Both oral andwritten
Always for a specificaudience
Frequently involves jargon, graphics,etc.

13. Extra personalCommunication
Communication between human beings and non-humanentities
is called “Extra personalCommunication”.
This form of communication requires perfect co-ordination and
understandingbetweenthesenderandreceiver.
Example:-Communicationbetweenyouandyourpetdog.

14. IntrapersonalCommunication
This takes place within theindividual.
Self-motivation,self-determination,etcaretakeplaceinintrapersonallevel.
Example:-When you begin to “Feel hot” , the information is sent to
the brain and you may decide to “turn on the cooler” ,
responding to instructions sent from the brain to thehand.
-> In this case ,the relevant organ is the sender, theelectrochemical
impulseisthemessage,andthebrainisthereceiver.

15. InterpersonalCommunication
Communicationatthislevelreferstosharingofinformationamong
people.
Interpersonalcommunicationdiffersfromotherformsof
communication.
Inthattherearefewparticipantsinvolved.
The interactants are in close physical Proxemity to each other.
There are many sansory channel used , andfeedback is immediate.
It can be formal orinformal.

16. MassCommunication
Thistypeofcommunicationrequireamediatortotransmitinformation.
Massmediasuchasjournals,books,newspapers,andtelevisionwhich
mediate suchcommunication.
This kind of message are for largeaudience.
Oral communication through mass media requires some equipment,
such as microphone, amplifiers,etc.
Forwrittenformneedsprintorvisualmedia.

17. Type ofCommunication
Verbal
Verbal Communication refers to
the form of communication in
which massage is transmitted
verbally, Communication is
done by word, mouth and a
piece ofwriting.
Non-Verbal
Non-verbal communication
includes action, such as gesture,
vocalisation, facial expression
and otherbehavior.

18. TypeofVerbalCommunication
In written communication, written
signs or symbols are used to
communicate. A written massage may
be printed or handwritten.
Written communication can be
transmitted via, email, letter, report,
memoetc.
Itmayinfluencedbythe
vocabulary,grammar,writingstyle
andclarityoflanguageuse.
Oral
In Oral communication spoken
words are used. It includes
face-to-face conversation ,
speech, telephonic,
conversation, video, radio,
television, Voice overinternet.
In oral communication is
influenced by volume,speed
and clarity ofspeaking.
Written

19. Type of Non-verbalCommunication
•BodyLanguage
–FacialExpression
–Head
–EyeGaze
–Gesture andposture
–Physic ofBody

20. Type of Non-verbalcommunication
•TouchLanguage

21. Types of Non-verbalcommunication
•SignLanguage

22. Types of Non-verbalcommunication
•TimeLanguage
–If some one called at 02:00 am then it shows an
emergency.
–You reached office at right time than it shows that
you arepunctual.

23. Types of Non-verbalcommunication
•Paralanguage
–Attributes of speaking which include the tone,volume,
tempo, rhythm andetc.
–We can understand the mood and situation by
paralangual.

24. Inter-personal Communication
•Communication between two people is called inter-
personalcommunication.

25. Intra-personalCommunication
•It is process that people communicates with
themselves either consciously or
uncounsiousely.

26. Extra-personalCommunication
•Communication between human being and non
human beingentitles.

27. GroupCommunication
•Where communication establish between more then
two people and also thegroup.

28. MassCommunication
•Where communication establish by public stuff; like
TV, Radio, Mass media, Journal, newspaper andetc.

29. Element ofCommunication
It can
conflictor
not

30. Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

31. Data Flow Examples
Simplex mode
Keyboard, mouse, traditional monitor
Radio, TV
Half duplex
Walkie-talkie
Citizen band radio
Advantage: entire bandwidth can be used for transmission
Cons: not suitable for high interactive application
Full duplex
-Email, phone call

32. Frequency BandName FrequencyRange Application
Extremely LowFrequency (ELF)
3-30 Hz
Underwater Communication
Super Low Frequency(SLF) 30-300 Hz
AC Power (though nota transmitted wave)
Ultra Low Frequency(ULF) 300-3000 Hz
Very Low Frequency(VLF) 3-30 kHz NavigationalBeacons
Low Frequency(LF) 30-300 kHz AM Radio
Medium Frequency(MF) 300-3000kHz Aviation and AMRadio
High Frequency(HF) 3-30 MHz ShortwaveRadio
Very High Frequency(VHF) 30-300 MHz FMRadio
Ultra High Frequency(UHF) 300-3000 MHz
Television, MobilePhones, GPS
Super High Frequency(SHF) 3-30 GHz
Satellite Links, Wireless Communication
Extremely HighFrequency (EHF)
30-300 GHz
Astronomy,Remote Sensing
VisibleSpectrum
400-790 THz(4*10^14-
7.9*10^14)
Human Eye
Chart of Common FrequencyBands