COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT PPT BATCH NO 27.pptx

Hccuucug

1. DADI INSTITUTE of ENGNEERING & TECNOLOGY (Approved by A.I.C.T.E. & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK) NACC Accredited Institute & Recognized under Section 2(f) & 12(B) of UGC Act An ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 & ISO 45001:2018 Certified Institute NH-16, Anakapalle , Visakhapatnam-531002, A.P  Mobile:[phone] , www.diet.edu.in ,E-mail: [email protected] COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT Batch no:27 Date:29-08-2024 Village: Gajuwaka,visakhapatnam Group members : KUDUPUDI RAJESH :22U41A0578 CHINTA MADHAVARAO :22U41A0561 KADIRI SRAVANI :22U41A0572 TOPIC:BLOOD GROUPS & BLOOD LEVELES BLOOD GROUPS : A blood group is also called a BloodType  Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)  These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins , or glycolipids , depending on the blood group system. BLOOD LEVELES : To ensure adequate tissue oxygenation , a sufficient hemoglobin level must be maintained. The amount of hemoglobin in whole blood is expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dl). The normal Hb level for males is 14 to 18 g/dl; that for females is 12 to 16 g/dl. When the hemoglobin level is low, the patient has anemia. KOLIPAKA SOWJANYA :22U41A0577

2. BLOOD GROUPS &BLOOD LEVELES BLOOD GROUPS (OR) BLOOD TYPES BLOOD LEVELES (OR) HEMOGLOBIN HB%

3. BLOOD GROUPS There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups. Antibodies and antigens Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma. Your blood group is identified by antibodies and antigens in the blood. Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. They're part of your body's natural defences . They recognise foreign substances, such as germs, and alert your immune system, which destroys them. Antigens are protein molecules found on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO system There are 4 main blood groups defined by the ABO system: blood group A  – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma blood group B  – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma blood group O  – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma blood group AB  – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies Blood group O is the most common blood group. Almost half of the UK population (around 48%) has blood group O. Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life-threatening. For example, if someone with group B blood is given group A blood, their anti-A antibodies will attack the group A cells. This is why group A blood must never be given to someone who has group B blood and vice versa. As group O red blood cells do not have any A or B antigens, it can safely be given to any other group.

4. Blood group test To find out your blood group, a sample of your blood has to be taken and tested. However, GPs do not routinely check people's blood group. You can find out your blood group by giving blood.

5.  the testing procedure? The same principle mentioned above is applied in the laboratory. In the first step, known as forward typing, antibodies that attack type A and type B blood are introduced into the blood sample, and the reaction is observed. If the target blood cells group together, it means that the blood sample has reacted with the antibodies. For instance, anti-A antibodies induce agglutination (grouping or clumping) in type A blood. The second step is called reverse typing, and is performed on the serum left behind after RBCs and WBCs are removed. Blood of a predetermined type (either A or B) is added and its behaviour in the serum is observed – and this should confirm the result of forward typing. The Rh -factor test also follows a similar pattern. Antibodies to Rh are mixed with the blood sample, and if there is a clumping reaction, the blood is Rh-positive.

6. BLOOD LEVELES How you prepare : If your blood sample is being tested only for a complete blood count, you can eat and drink as usual before the test. If your blood sample also will be used for other tests, you might need to fast for a certain amount of time before the test. Ask your health care provider what you need to do. What you can expect : For a complete blood count, a member of the health care team takes a sample of blood by putting a needle into a vein in your arm, usually at the bend in your elbow. The blood sample is sent to a lab. After the test, you can return to your usual activities right away. Results : The following are expected complete blood count results for adults. The blood is measured in cells per liter (cells/L) or grams per deciliter (grams/ dL ). BLOOD LEVELES : The amount of a substance, as cholesterol, alcohol, or triglycerides, circulating in the bloodstream: often expressed as a percent or in milligrams or micrograms per deciliter of blood. What should blood level be: If you had a fasting blood glucose test, a level of 70 to 99 mg/ dL (3.9 and 5.5 mmol /L) is considered normal. If you had a random blood glucose test, a normal result depends on when you last ate. Most of the time, the blood glucose level will be 125 mg/ dL (6.9 mmol /L) or lower. What blood level is healthy: The amount of hemoglobin in whole blood is expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dl). The normal Hb level for males is 14 to 18 g/dl; that for females is 12 to 16 g/dl. When the hemoglobin level is low, the patient has anemia

7. Red blood cell count Male:  4.35 trillion to 5.65 trillion cells/L Female:  3.92 trillion to 5.13 trillion cells/L Hemoglobin Male:  13.2 to 16.6 grams/ dL (132 to 166 grams/L) Female:  11.6 to 15 grams/ dL (116 to 150 grams/L) Hematocrit Male:  38.3% to 48.6% Female:  35.5% to 44.9% White blood cell count 3.4 billion to 9.6 billion cells/L Platelet count Male:  135 billion to 317 billion/L Female:  157 billion to 371 billion/L

8. What the results may indicate Results in the following areas above or below the typical ranges on a complete blood count might point to a problem.   Red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit . The results of these three are related because they each measure a feature of red blood cells. Lower than usual measures in these three areas are a sign of anemia. Anemia has many causes. They include low levels of certain vitamins or iron, blood loss, or another medical condition. People with anemia might feel weak or tired. These symptoms may be due to the anemia itself or the cause of anemia. A red blood cell count that's higher than usual is known as erythrocytosis . A high red blood cell count or high hemoglobin or hematocrit levels could point to a medical condition such as blood cancer or heart disease . White blood cell count : A low white blood cell count is known as leukopenia . A medical condition such as an autoimmune disorder that destroys white blood cells, bone marrow problems or cancer might be the cause. Certain medicines also can cause a drop in white blood cell counts. A white blood cell count that's higher than usual most commonly is due to an infection or inflammation. Or it could point to an immune system disorder or a bone marrow disease. A high white blood cell count also can be a reaction to medicines or hard exercise. Platelet count : A platelet count that's lower than usual is known as thrombocytopenia. If it's higher than usual, it's known as thrombocytosis . Either can be a sign of a medical condition or a side effect from medicine. A platelet count that's outside the typical range will likely lead to more tests to diagnose the cause

9. COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROJECT SURVEY INFORMATION

10. LOCATIONS FOR COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT CHINNA GANTYADA